There is too much material in galaxies, and the question is, where that material lurks?

There is too much material in galaxies, and the question is, where that material lurks?

In modern theories, galaxies are forming around supermassive black holes. The galaxy starts existence as a supermassive black hole. That black hole forms when some molecular cloud falls because of its gravitation. Then that thing forms a quasar. When a quasar collects atoms around it quasar expands into an elliptical galaxy. Then the elliptical galaxy turns to the "S"-shape form. And then it starts to form a spiral galaxy. The center bubble around the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy is the remnant of the elliptical stage of the life of the galaxy. 

The "S"-shaped form is not necessary to mean that galaxy is young. If that material disk orbits too fast the supermassive black hole there is a possibility. That material flies out from the end of its structure because of centripetal force. But logically thinking the "S"-shaped form is the result of the reaction that looks like when the stick is rolling in the middle of the dough. That thing forms the "S"-shaped form before the material starts to circle that stick. In galaxies, that stick is the supermassive black hole that pulls material around it, and it jets. 

The spiral galaxy's visible structure is a small part of its entirety, called a galaxy. There are lots of material around those galaxies that are hard to observe. The shine of a spiral galaxy covers the extremely cold gas nebulas around the spiral structure under it. Most of the stars form in the visible spiral structure. But there is a possibility that the jets from the supermassive black holes cause turbulence. That makes it possible that stars can form around those jets outside the spiral structure. 

All galaxies are elliptical if we measure them by using their halo. Lots of very low-temperature gas surrounds the shining spiral structure. There are lots of elliptical galaxies around spiral galaxies. The reason, why those elliptical galaxies are not turning to spiral galaxies is that the extremely massive galaxies near them pull gas and dust out of them. 

The Milky Way with its jets that are leaving Sagit A*. The image not portrayed the Milky Way. But all jets from galaxies are similar. 

Galaxies from the left are elliptical galaxies, Barred ("S-Shaped")spiral galaxies, and spiral galaxies. 

The third image is the larger image of that elliptical galaxy. Two black points can be two black holes sending material jets around the galaxy. "Like dust bunnies that lurk in corners and under beds, surprisingly complex loops and blobs of cosmic dust lie hidden in the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1316. This image made from data obtained with the NASA Hubble Space Telescope reveals the dust lanes and star clusters of this giant galaxy that give evidence that it was formed from a past merger of two gas-rich galaxies".

"The combination of Hubble's superb spatial resolution and the sensitivity of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), installed onboard Hubble in 2002 and used for these images, enabled uniquely accurate measurements of a class of red star clusters in NGC 1316. Astronomers conclude that these star clusters constitute clear evidence of the occurrence of a major collision of two spiral galaxies that merged together a few billion years ago to shape NGC 1316 as it appears today".Credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

(https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_299.html)

The spiral structure is a transition disk around an extremely massive black hole. When that transition disk orbits the black hole, the centripetal force at the edge of that thing pushes material away from it. And then the jets from the supermassive black holes drive material away from that structure. 

When material travels out from the galaxy they are forming clouds. Those clouds are forming because there is the jet flows around the galaxy so that material cannot fly through those jet flows that form when the magnetic field around the galaxy accelerates plasma. When a black hole throws material out from the galaxy, its gravitation pulls that material back. And sooner or later the speed of that gas slows so much that it cannot cross the ion ball. The ion ball around the galaxy is like a dome. The magnetic field takes the ions that travel at a too-slow speed with them and forms the dome that denies those ions travel through those magnetic power lines. 

There is lots of almost invisible material around galaxies. That material is in very cold nebulas outside galaxies. So how that thing can happen? In modern theories, galaxies are forming around supermassive black holes. The structure that we call a spiral galaxy is the transition disk around a very massive black hole. So where does the material go after galaxies are born? When a supermassive black hole starts to make the whirl around it. There are many other forces than just gravitation that affects that material disk. 

The centripetal forces can just throw the material away from that transition disk. Maybe the centripetal forces. Along with radiation is the thing that makes it possible that material just travels away from the galaxies. The extremely powerful radiation that goes out from the supermassive black holes in the middle of the galaxy. When particles are traveling out from a black hole taking gas and other things with them. So, that jet pike from the middle of the galaxy is transporting lots of material away from the galaxy. 

 https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2021/062/01FMT67GZ7DA28FFJTAF3YGPKC

https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_299.html

https://www.universetoday.com/33986/messier-32/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy