"Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that travel through space at nearly the speed of light and constantly bombard Earth from distant cosmic sources. Despite being discovered over a century ago, their origins have remained largely unknown. New research is bringing scientists closer to identifying where these powerful particles are born and how they gain such extreme energies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)
Every second, about 100 trillion neutrinos travel through the human body. Most of those neutrinos travel through the human body without touching anything. But there is a theoretical possibility that the neutrino interacts directly with a quark. And that thing can cause an energy impulse. Into liquid. Like neutrinos interact with water molecules in underwater and undersea telescopes. It can interact with water molecules. Anywhere else. We cannot detect that blue light shockwave. If that impact doesn't happen in complete darkness.
But that radiation can play. Some role in biological processes. When that impact happens. It sends an energy impulse, which we see as a blue light flash to its environment. Even if that effect is minimal. The effect on things. Like DNA can be like drumming. One impact doesn’t mean a thing. But when. Those impacts happen again and again. That can have. Some kind of effect on the DNA.
When a neutrino impacts water. It sends a blue light flash. We cannot detect that flash in a normal environment. The problem is that we cannot separate Cherenkov radiation that comes from neutrinos from other particles. Things like protons. And neutrons. And electrons. Could also form Cherenkov radiation when they hit the atmosphere.
"X-ray image of the newly discovered pulsar wind nebular associated with an extreme Galactic cosmic ray source the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, LHAASO J0343+5254u, obtained by the XMM-Newton space telescope (DiKerby, Zhang, et al., ApJ, 983, 21). Credit: XMM-Newton space telescope" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)
That radiation. Called Cherenkov radiation, turns the sky blue. As I just wrote. Also, other particles. Then just neutrinos form that blue light flash. That blue light forms when a particle increases its speed and delivers energy. Near nuclear reactors, most of the things that form Cherenkov radiation are neutrons. Neutron involves three quarks, one up and two down quarks.
When a neutron hits the water at a speed that is higher than the speed of light in water. Neutron’s structure will turn flatter. In that process. It is possible. That is the quark structure in a neutron that can spin around. The structure turns around like a swing. And the up quark sends an energy wave forward. We see that energy as a photon.
Cosmic rays, or high-energy particles of unknown origin, have been known for over 100 years. Those high-energy particles cause problems with satellites, especially for long-term space flight. The source of the cosmic rays is in natural particle accelerators called PeVatrons. PeVatron-accelerators are supernovae and star remnants that can accelerate particles to speeds. Those are impossible to reach in human-made accelerators. Those particles travel at a speed that is at least 90% of the speed of light.
Maybe. Those particles follow the spiralic trajectory around some kind of string-shaped energy beam. The primary question in cases like cosmic rays is. How can those particles keep their energy level so high, even if they traveled across the universe from some distant quasars? Why the neutrino will not deliver its energy. That it got from its distant origin. There must be many sources. In and outside our galaxy for those particles. That means. Very high energy objects. Like black holes’ relativistic jets and supernova explosions can press some other particles into neutrinos. At least some of those cosmic radiation particles deliver their energy when they impact a medium or a potential wall. We see that energy as a blue light shockwave. On Earth, neutrinos form in nuclear reactors.
“Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory” (Wikipedia,Cherenkov Radiation)
The supernova SN-1987A was one of the first cases when telescopes detected neutrino bursts. Those bursts are not directly connected with the SN-1987A. But they happened. At the same time as that event.
But we know that some of those neutrinos travel from quasars. And that raises the question of why those neutrinos are not delivering their energy. One of the First times. When researchers noticed that neutrinos can travel from another galaxy. It was case SN-1987A. That event happened. In the Large Magellanic Cloud. A blue supergiant collapsed and formed that supernova. That supernova sends neutrinos. That we can see on Earth. Those neutrinos traveled 163,000 light-years to Earth. And their energy level was incredibly high. That causes a thought that could be the shockwave of supernovas. It can somehow turn particles into neutrinos. But the major question is still. Why don’t they deliver their energy? Or if they delivered what was their original energy level? The SN-1987A was a so-called core-collapse supernova that formed a neutron star.
“SN 1987A appears to be a core-collapse supernova, which should result in a neutron star given the size of the original star. The neutrino data indicate that a compact object did form at the star's core, and astronomers immediately began searching for the collapsed core. The Hubble Space Telescope took images of the supernova regularly from August 1990 without a clear detection of a neutron star.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)
That means it's possible that the blue supergiant was bigger than calculated. It’s possible that it turns into a black hole. The neutrino bursts can be connected to the death throes of that supergiant. Before it collapsed, the star was pulsating very strongly. In that process, the temperature and density in the star’s core rose. That started new fusion reactions. But finally. The fusion material can deliver more energy than it uses. And at that tipping point, the energy production from the star’s core cannot stop its collapse.
"Figure 1. Distribution of the ultra-high-energy gamma rays (yellow points) detected by the Tibet ASĪ³ experiment in the galactic coordinate system. They are obviously concentrated along the galactic disk. The gray shaded area indicates what is outside of the field of view. The background color shows atomic hydrogen distribution in the galactic coordinates. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Surprising Evidence for PeVatrons, the Milky Way’s Most Powerful Particle Accelerators)
Wikipedia tells us this about those neutrinos.
“Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light is emitted as the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At 7:35 UT, 12 antineutrinos were detected by Kamiokande II, 8 by IMB, and 5 by Baksan in a burst lasting less than 13 seconds. Approximately three hours earlier, the Mont Blanc liquid scintillator detected a five-neutrino burst, but this is generally believed not to be associated with SN 1987A.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)
“The Kamiokande II detection, which at 12 neutrinos had the largest sample population, showed the neutrinos arriving in two distinct pulses. The first pulse at 07:35:35 comprised 9 neutrinos over a period of 1.915 seconds. A second pulse of three neutrinos arrived during a 3.220-second interval from 9.219 to 12.439 seconds after the beginning of the first pulse.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)
“Although only 25 neutrinos were detected during the event, it was a significant increase from the previously observed background level. This was the first time neutrinos known to be emitted from a supernova had been observed directly, which marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. The observations were consistent with theoretical supernova models in which 99% of the energy of the collapse is radiated away in the form of neutrinos. The observations are also consistent with the models' estimates of a total neutrino count of 1058 with a total energy of 1046 joules, i.e., a mean value of some dozens of MeV per neutrino. Billions of neutrinos pass through a square centimeter on Earth. (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)
“The neutrino measurements allowed upper bounds on neutrino mass and charge, as well as the number of flavors of neutrinos and other properties.] For example, the data show that the rest mass of the electron neutrino is < 16 eV/c2 at 95% confidence, which is 30,000 times smaller than the mass of an electron. The data suggest that the total number of neutrino flavors is at most 8, but other observations and experiments give tighter estimates. Many of these results have since been confirmed or tightened by other neutrino experiments, such as more careful analysis of solar neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos, as well as experiments with artificial neutrino sources” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)
https://scitechdaily.com/after-over-100-years-scientists-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-origins-of-cosmic-rays/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1987A
