The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

"Artist’s impression of exoplanet GJ 1132 b and its host M-dwarf star. Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital, CfA"

"JWST confirms GJ 1132 b lacks an atmosphere. This challenges the habitability of planets around M-dwarfs."

(ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere. And that causes some kind of re-estimation of the habitability of the M-type stars. Those M-type stars have violent eruptions that can raise the temperatures of their entire solar systems. Those solar systems are always quite small, and if the planet is in the habitable zone, that means it's locked because of tidal forces. 

The GJ 1132 b is almost a so-called hot Earth. That means there might not be a lifeform. But another question is, can we escalate those observations to other red dwarfs? Red dwarfs, or M-spectral class stars, are not all similar. Some of them are more active than others. 

If the planet is very young, that can explain the lack of atmosphere. The volcanic activity can explain the smoke or fog around the exoplanet GJ 1132 b. Or that slightly larger than Earth exoplanet can pull solar wind from its star, GJ 1132, an M4-type red dwarf, around it. This means the planet’s gravity pulls the gas that the red dwarf sends around it. And if the GJ 1132 b has a magnetosphere that pulls plasma around it. This means G J1132 b borrows its atmosphere from the star GJ 1132. 

The M-6 spectral Class star Proxima Centauri is under the influence of Alpha Centauri, and that means Alpha Centauri A and B’s star wind can affect Proxima Centauri and blow its atmosphere away. Or the gravitational effect of the bigger parts of this triple star system’s larger participants. Can pull the Proxima Centauri atmosphere off. The reaction can go like this. 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1132 b – which now should be updated given its definitive lack of atmosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt" (ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

"Comparison of best-fit size of the exoplanet GJ 1132 b with the Solar System planet Earth, as reported in the Open Exoplanet Catalogue of 2015-11-14.  Open Exoplanet Catalogue (2015-11-14). Retrieved on 2015-11-14." (Wikipedia, GJ 1132 b)

Radiation from a binary star made the red dwarf shine brighter. That made M-star blow its atmosphere larger. Then the gravity and solar wind blew that material away. Some M-stars are more active than others. There are many variables that determine if a planet can have an atmosphere. If the red dwarf is very young, that means it's more active than older red dwarfs. Another thing is this. Planet formation is similar around red dwarfs as it was in our solar system. The planet that forms around M-type stars must have time to freeze.

The difference between M-stars and spectral class G-stars is that red dwarfs formed from a more mature nebula than G-stars. Those interplanetary nebulae formed when stars exploded as novae and supernovae. That means there are more heavy elements in the red dwarf system than in the G-type star systems. That means, there could also be more radioactive isotopes in those planets than in G-type stars’ planets. This could cause an effect. That some of those rocky planets are hotter than they should be. But that is hard to prove. 

The red dwarf could also form in a binary star system when the star’s heliospheres touch each other. That can cause the small star forms in that whirl. There is also a possibility that a red dwarf travels around space, and some bigger star traps it into its gravity field. The red dwarf can also steal planets from bigger stars' solar systems. If they travel close to the distant planets of the larger stars, those red dwarfs can take those planets to orbit around themselves. 

They can also trap rogue planets in their gravity field. There is a possibility that the Proxima Centauri planets originally orbited Alpha Centauri. Then Proxima trapped them in orbit around itself. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-solves-the-mystery-earth-like-planet-gj-1132-b-has-no-atmosphere/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

Some planets are unlike any planet in our solar system.

The exoplanet Kepler 138d is a water world. The giant ocean and water vapor cover the entire planet. And there is the large solid nucleus and that planet's mass is 1,17 times Earth's. The size of that exoplanet is larger than Earth's. 

Its classification is "super earth".  But in the case of Kepler 138 d that classification comes from its size. Not from its gravitation. The mass of Kepler 138 d is, depending on sources 0,6-1,17 Earth. 

A planet's mass determines its gravitational field and whether it is larger than Earth. But if the mass of the planet is the same or less, it means that there are fewer heavy elements than on Earth. If a planet has a greater mass than Earth but is smaller in size.

This tells us that there are more heavy elements than there are on Earth. In other words, a planet may be smaller in size than Earth, but its gravitational field may be stronger than Earth's.

So because the mass of the Kepler 138d is almost similar to Earth that makes this planet interesting. There is some conflict between the sources that determine the mass of Kepler 138d. Wikipedia tells. That the mass of Kepler 138d is 1,17 Earth mass(1). 

But NASA's database tells. That the mass of Kepler 138d is 0,64 Earths. (2)If the last of those numbers is true. That means there are not so many heavy elements on that planet as on Earth. 

(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-138

(2)https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/1557/kepler-138-d/

But its size is bigger which means the solid core of that planet is not formed of at least very heavy elements. There are fewer heavy elements than on Earth. And that makes Kepler 138d very interesting. The mass of the exoplanets is the thing that makes them similar to Earth, not the size. 

So that means the planet is very unlike Earth. The Kepler 136 B orbits the star Kepler 138 in 23,1 days. And the star Kepler 138 is an M-type star. Which means its surface temperature is about 2400–3700 Kelvin. So that star is very cold. And that means the Kepler 138 d has a level in its ocean where fish-type habitats could exist and live. 

The thing that makes Kepler 136B interesting is that this very hot exoplanet might have some kind of life forms. The extremely high temperature doesn't mean that the water can vaporize on that planet because there is so much water. There is high-pressure water inside the giant ocean. And clouds are cooling the surface of that strange world. 

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/1557/kepler-138-d/

https://scitechdaily.com/water-worlds-astronomers-discover-that-two-exoplanets-are-unlike-any-planets-in-our-solar-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification