Can we accept? That there are galaxies without dark matter.

“This Hubble image shows the stars of ultra-diffuse galaxy DF9, along with a series of background objects, mostly galaxies, located at much greater distances. DF9 makes almost a perfect line, at least in two-dimensional space, with previously identified dark matter-free candidate galaxies DF2 and DF4, suggesting, but not proving, a possible association."

"Credit: M.A. Keim et al., Hubble Space Telescope/ESA/NASA, Astrophysical Journal, 2026” (BigThink, Is it finally time to take dark matter-free galaxies seriously?)

The reason. Why ultra diffuse galaxies? Spin differently than they should. It can be in their formation. The galaxies have only a couple of stars. Normally, those galaxies involve more dark matter than usual. And some of the ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDG). Formed almost entirely of dark matter. Dark matter keeps those galaxies in their form.  But there are UDGs without dark matter. 

This means that there must be a weaker electromagnetic interaction between stars than usual. Or the spin of the galaxy is slow. The question is. What is the dark matter's role as a wave transporter? We know that wave. It cannot move in an absolute vacuum. So, is dark matter some kind of “ether”? Things that can transport wave movement. But itself be unseen? Or is there interaction between dark matter particles? And could that energy be the mythic dark energy? That means. Dark energy could have its source in dark matter. 

There are four possible galaxies. There seems to be no dark matter. Those galaxies. If they have no dark matter. That doesn’t prove dark matter non-existent. They prove that dark matter is matter like all other matter. It could be oscillating superstrings. When those superstrings move. They could form small whirls. That acts like materia. But the galaxy without dark matter supports a model. That dark energy source is in dark matter. And dark matter could have a particle form. 

The galaxy without dark matter seems very rare. The only known force that interacts with dark matter. It's gravity. The galaxy without dark matter suggests that there must be another force. That should transport dark matter away from the galaxy. The galaxy without dark matter. Tells. That. Dark matter should form similar structures to visible matter. Or at least dark matter should form some kind of nebulae in the universe. The idea that dark matter is not homogeneously spread. 

The universe is interesting. The point. There is no dark matter. That is interesting. If the only thing that affects dark matter is gravitation. The gravitational center. It should pack dark matter around it. But a galaxy that has no dark matter. Causes thoughts. That may be dark energy has its source in dark matter. Dark matter. It could have a similar evaporation process to visible matter. If dark matter has a particle form. It should have a similar evaporation process. 

As visible particles. This means that dark matter. It should send a wave movement. And another particle that this wave motion can affect is another dark matter particle. When we think about particle interactions. There are a couple of things that make interaction visible. The interaction must affect a large enough area. It can push the receiving particle. The interaction must stand. As long as it can affect another particle's behavior. 

But then what makes a particle visible? That is the size of the particle. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that a particle sends is the same as its diameter. This means. Particles must transmit radiation or wave motion. In wavelengths that we can see. If the size of those hypothetical dark matter particles. It is far different than well- or less well-known particles. That means. We cannot see that particle. The visible particle. It must send. Some radiation is between gamma rays and radio waves. Or it must send gravitational waves. That position in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is unknown. 

The problem with dark matter is this. Nobody has seen that matter yet. Dark matter is predicted to form in the same Big Bang as visible matter.  But it’s only a theorem. It’s possible that dark matter is formed in a different stage of the Big Bang than visible matter. This causes an interesting idea. 

******************************************************

Key Takeaways

Less than a decade ago, the first allegedly dark matter-free galaxy, a dwarf galaxy on the outskirts of the NGC 1052 group (NGC 1052-DF2) was identified: a seemingly faint, massive, ultra-diffuse galaxy.

An enormous controversy then erupted, as different methods of measuring its distance led to vastly different estimates of its velocity dispersion, which led to vastly different implications for its internal amount of dark matter.

We’re now up to four seemingly dark matter-free galaxies, but three of them are all in the same location: the outskirts of the NGC 1052 group. Are these truly dark matter-free galaxies? Or did we simply get their distances grossly wrong?

(BigThink, Is it finally time to take dark matter-free galaxies seriously?)

******************************************************

What if dark matter or most of dark matter formed just before visible matter? That thing could explain dark energy. That means. Outside the universe and galaxies could be structures. That's like the Oort Cloud. The brightness of galaxies. That can cover those structures below it. 

This means that. The dark matter surrounds the universe like the Oort cloud surrounds the solar system. Those clouds could cause gravitational interaction. That pulls the entire universe outward. If there is no resistance outside that hypothetical dark matter disk. 

The model is that. The disk surrounds the universe. And orbits it. That means it could pull energy from the universe faster than it should. The reason for that is this. The universe. It's the only higher-energy object in this disk. The space outside that “Universe’s Oort Cloud”. It is at a lower energy level. That causes a reaction. There, that disk delivers that energy into outer space. 

The inner layer of that hypothetical disk. It is at a higher energy level. And its outer layer is in a lower energy level than the universe. This causes a situation. There, the energy travels straight through that material disk. Because energy travels in one direction. That energy pushes the material disk away. And that pulls the universe and its edge behind it. In some models. There is a plasma shockwave that surrounds the universe.

“The distance from the Oort cloud to the interior of the Solar System, and two of the nearest stars, is measured in astronomical units. The scale is logarithmic: each indicated distance is ten times as far out as the previous distance. The red arrow indicates the projected location, in 2025–2027, of the space probe Voyager 1, which may reach the Oort cloud about 300 years later. “ (Wikipedia, Oort cloud)

Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. (Wikipedia, Oort cloud)Those images introduce how large it is. That Oort cloud is. And it’s possible. That is the galaxies and the universe. That structure. It could be far larger than galaxies and their halos. Or it could be larger than even the universe. 

Maybe the energy minimum. In that plasma ring or plasma bubble. It is. A little bit higher than inside and outside it. Outside that plasma wave. That energy minimum is lower than inside the plasma ball. This thing causes energy to flow out from the universe. And could there be a similar effect around the galaxies? The energy vampire. Very low energy objects. That surrounds galactic halos. These kinds of objects. That orbits the galaxy. They can also pull energy out from that halo. And then transfer it out of that structure. 

This plasma bubble is similar to the heliopause. But its size. It is far larger. Similar plasma bubbles. They surround each galaxy. That causes an idea. That maybe. Dark matter could be positioned. In the bubbles that surround galaxies. If the matter is, or just outside those bubbles. And its energy level is lower than the energy level of the galaxy. That matter will pull energy into it. And if that energy continues its journey. That will not be seen in the plasma bubble. 

Those bubbles cause reflection. That reflects radiation back to the galaxy and the universe. This reflection causes. That we cannot see dim objects and dim matter that is between galaxies. So, in this model, the difference between energy minima is. In and outside the universe. That is the thing. That causes the universe's expansion. 

Could that thing explain? Why can't we see Planet 9? 

And by the way. The reason. For. Why can't we see Planet 9? It can be just outside the heliosphere. If Planet 9 exists, and it’s at a lower energy level than the shockwave that forms at the point. The particle flow from the sun. Impacts particles that come from other stars. If that planet’s energy level or temperature is lower than this plasma's. That plasma’s shine. Covers that planet’s existence. 

If energy travels to that planet. But its reflection cannot enter the solar system. Because. It's too weak. It cannot travel through that plasma bubble. Because the plasma bubble’s energy level is higher than that of reflection. That thing means that. The reflection from that hypothetical planet simply cannot reach the telescope on the ground. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-matter-free-galaxies/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy

Can we live in a giant gravastar?

" A quantum physics experiment showed photons can exhibit negative dwell time while traveling through atoms. Scientists confirmed the phenomenon using weak measurements that minimally disturbed the system. Quantum physicists have uncovered a bizarre phenomenon in which photons appear to spend a “negative” amount of time interacting with atoms before emerging from a cloud of matter." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Have Measured “Negative Time” in Bizarre Quantum Experiment)

There is a suggestion. That there are other universes in the supernova remnants. The giant gravastar explains why our universe behaves as it does. The giant gravastar could pull the universe from every direction.  So. If we think of the possibility that there are other universes. In black holes. Or gravastars. Those things might seem very small. But also if we lived in the universe. That is in the gravastar. That thing means that. From outside. The universe is where we live. It could seem very small. So size is relative. Particles in those Matryoshka universes have different sizes. The term matryoshka universe means that. Universe. It could be multiple internal universes. 

Time is an interesting thing. We know that time runs at different speeds at different points in the universe. Gravitational fields pack quantum fields around the gravity centers. That makes it possible. That matter evolves differently in different places in the universe. Time dilation between Earth and some heavier star might seem meaningless. But in millions of years, even a small difference. Turns into a remarkable. There are models, things like cosmic vacuums. They can turn matter old very fast. The expansion of the universe is the thing. That causes the time. If we think. That time is matter evaporation. 

The dark energy is the thing. That causes the universe’s expansion. There is a model. It’s possible that we live in a black hole. Or rather, saying we could live in a gravastar. The gravastar is the hollow singularity. And the inner event horizon pulls matter against that structure that could surround the entire universe. The gravastar has outer and inner event horizons. That could explain why we cannot see other universes. But it's possible that the large cloud of particles. That moves very fast surrounds the entire universe. There is a possibility. That. Those particles pull energy from the universe. And energy that comes outside the universe. Into them. This means that if those particles bind all the energy into them. That thing makes other universes invisible. And denies us the ability to see things outside our universe. 

Scientists have developed quantum control techniques that can suppress or even reverse a quantum system’s perceived arrow of time, making its behavior appear more consistent with time flowing backward than forward. Researchers investigate how quantum time flow can be stretched, blurred, or even reversed.” (ScitechDaily, Can Time Flow in Reverse? A Quantum Breakthrough Challenges Our Assumptions)

“An expanding mini-universe could counterbalance the collapsing matter of a star, thereby creating a stable gravastar. A new study suggests that the collapse of a massive star could spark the creation of a tiny expanding universe rather than a black hole. The resulting object, called a gravastar, would avoid the singularity and event horizon that make black holes so puzzling. (ScitechDaily,Scientists Say a New Universe Could Form Inside a Dying Star)

Can time flow reverse? 

If time flows in reverse, it would mean that dimensional time exists. The term "dimensional time" means that time is one of the dimensions. Retrocausality is the phenomenon. This particle seems to reach the goal before it should. The reason for that is time dilation. The experiment used photons—quantum particles of light and the against-the-odds journey they must undertake to pass straight through a cloud of rubidium atoms.

"These atoms have a “resonance” with the photons, meaning the energy of the photon can be transferred temporarily to the atoms as an atomic excitation. This allows the photon to “dwell” in the atomic cloud for a time before being released." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Have Measured “Negative Time” in Bizarre Quantum Experiment)

When a photon-particle travels through an extremely cold rubidium atom cloud. Radiation emission from those cold radioactive atoms rises. The energy level in those photons. 

The question is this. Can time dilation turn so strong that the particle reaches its goal before it leaves? This thing requires. A very high-energy-level gamma ray. The particle that travels across those gamma rays can get a high enough energy level. That time dilation makes particles seem to be in the goal before they leave the transmitter. But the big problem is this. The system measured in those tests is the energy level of those particles. So, if those particles have an energy level. Higher than it should be. 

That means the particle is “younger” than it should be. But theoretically, it's possible to create time dilation. So powerful. The particle reaches the goal before it leaves the transmitter. This kind of effect. It can be possible near black holes. Their gravitational field causes the escaping velocity. That is higher than the speed of light. Along with high-power gamma rays, that thing can cause a situation. Those things. Like a photon seems. To be crossing the event horizon before they fall into it. This can make it possible. 

A diagram comparing the structure of a classical black hole with a gravastar. (Wikipedia, Gravastar)

Test: "Teapot Turk". “Nuclear explosion milliseconds after detonation. From the Operation Teapot test series in Nevada, 1955, showing fireball and rope trick effects.” (Wikipedia, Rope trick effect) The cables from the shot tower. It transports. Energy faster out of the fireball than the air. There is a possibility that the quantum-sized black hole that travels through the event horizon can pump energy out from the event horizon. 

Maybe that is the reason for the Hypothetical Hawking radiation. Later in this text is the model. There is Hawking radiation. Because of the effect of the superpositioned and entangled photon- quantum-sized black hole pair. In that model. The quantum entanglement. It steals energy from a black hole. Or it actually steals energy from photons. That whirls around the black hole at the point. Of its event horizon. 

The nuclear fireball millisecond after detonation. 

The model that can explain Hawking Radiation. “Rope trick effects visible from one of Operation Tumbler–Snapper's tower-mounted test shots in 1952, taken with a Rapatronic camera.” (Wikipedia, Rope trick effect)

The superpositioned and entangled photon pair. If another turned into a quantum-sized black hole. It could make. A similar spike into the event horizon of the black hole. As cables from the shot tower make in the nuclear explosion fireballs. The cables from the shot tower transport energy out. From the fireball, faster than the air. And in the cases of the superpositioned photon and a quantum-sized black hole. The cable is the energy string. Or, an energy bridge between those particles. 

In that case, the high-energy radiation from the black hole turns the farther photon from the superpositioned and entangled photon pair into the Kugelblitz black hole. First, energy travels into a black hole. Because of gravity. This means that the gravity steals energy from the photon. That is closer to the event horizon. But the upper photon. It cannot release energy. As fast as a lower photon releases it. Then that very strong radiation turns the upper photon. Into the quantum-sized black hole. That turns the energy flow direction in this quantum entanglement. 

Or maybe the quantum-sized black holes that travel through the black hole’s event horizon steal energy from them. 

The photon makes a superposition with itself. The retrocausality. It can transport information away from the event horizon. The idea is that the other part of this photon pair can turn into a black hole. That quantum-size black hole can steal matter or energy from the black hole’s event horizon. The outer photon is the thing that turns into a black hole. The inner photon is in a superposition and entanglement with that quantum black hole. 

And when that photon falls into a black hole. The string that connects the photon-black hole pair. It can transport energy from the event horizon. The idea is similar to the cases. The nuclear bomb makes the spikes in the fireball during the nuclear tests. in nuclear tests. The cables from the launch tower conducted energy out from the fireball faster than air does. In this quantum case. The wire that transports energy out from the black hole is the string. That connects the photon-black hole pair. Those spikes will conduct energy out from the event horizon. As I wrote before. 

https://scitechdaily.com/can-time-flow-in-reverse-a-quantum-breakthrough-challenges-our-assumptions/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-have-measured-negative-time-in-bizarre-quantum-experiment/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-say-a-new-universe-could-form-inside-a-dying-star/

https://scitechdaily.com/time-twisted-in-quantum-physics-how-the-future-might-influence-the-past/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_trick_effect

Researchers found all five bases of DNA and RNA in samples from the asteroid Ryugu.

“A coloured view of 162173 Ryugu taken by JAXA’s space probe Hayabusa2 in 2018. Credit: JAXA/Hayabusa2 (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found All 5 Genetic “Letters” of DNA and RNA on an Asteroid)

"162173 Ryugu (provisional designation 1999 JU3) is a near-Earth object and also a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It measures approximately 900 metres (3,000 ft) in diameter and is a dark object of the rare spectral type Cb, with qualities of both a C-type asteroid and a B-type asteroid. In June 2018, the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa2 arrived at the asteroid. After making measurements and taking samples, Hayabusa2 left Ryugu for Earth in November 2019 and returned the sample capsule. To Earth. On 5 December 2020. The samples. Showed the presence of organic compounds, such as uracil (one of the four components in RNA) and vitamin B3." (Wikipedia, 162173 Ryugu)

This thing supports the model. Those life-building blocks are coming from space. And they formed DNA and RNA molecules in the Earth's chemical environment. Those bases, or letters on the asteroid Ryugu (162173 Ryugu), cause interesting thoughts. About things like. Could there have been some other habitable planet in our solar system’s past? 

There is suspicion that Mars has a habitable past. But could there be some ancient? A habitable planet that was destroyed in violent impacts?  The hypothetical protoplanet Theia formed the Moon when it impacted Earth. Nobody can prove the existence of that thing. Because Theia was destroyed in that impact. 

The meteorite that reseachers found in the Sahara. Tells about the ancient planet. That was destroyed in the young solar system. The craters on icy moons remind us. About. The chaotic past. In the solar system. Those icy worlds hide evidence. Of violent impacts. The fact is that those base pairs are things. 

That can form the impacts of the planets. Or protoplanets. The origin of Ruygu could be another asteroid. The best candidates are 495 Eulalia. And 142 Polana. But the induction question is: what is the origin of the 495 Eulalia and 142 Polana?  Have they been part of some larger mass? And do those two distant asteroids in Jupiter's trajectory also carry those DNA and RNA building blocks? 

“How the five nucleobases make up RNA and DNA. Credit: Wikimedia Commons” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found All 5 Genetic “Letters” of DNA and RNA on an Asteroid)

“In the Tholen classification scheme, Polana is a primitive carbonaceous asteroid of type F, which is a subdivision of the more common C-type. Under the SMASS classification taxonomy, Polana is listed as a B-type asteroid, a group that combines both the Tholen B and F types. The spectrum of this object suggests the presence of magnetite (Fe3O4), which gives it the spectrally blue coloration that is a characteristic of this SMASS class” (Wikipedia, 142 Polana) 

(Wikipedia, 162173 Ryugu)

“495 Eulalia is a minor planet, specifically an asteroid orbiting in the asteroid belt. Eulalia is very near the 3:1 Jupiter orbital resonance. It is possible that the disruption of Eulalia's parent body resulted in a mass bombardment of the Earth and Moon 800 million years ago, forming the Copernicus crater on the Moon and involving about 50 times. The amount of material of the Chicxulub impact on Earth at the beginning of the Cryogenian geological period. (Wikipedia, 496 Eulalia)

“Microscope images of Ryugu samples collected from the first and second touchdown sites of the Hayabusa2 mission. Credit: JAXA/JAMSTEC” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found All 5 Genetic “Letters” of DNA and RNA on an Asteroid)

“Ryugu sample in its return capsule. Credit: JAXA”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found All 5 Genetic “Letters” of DNA and RNA on an Asteroid)

The relation of the gravity. Between Jupiter and the inner solar system, objects could rip Ryugy away from the asteroid's main body. 

The shape of Ryugu is interesting. It looks a little bit like a cube. At least from the angle. There, the photo is taken. This is one of the things that makes these kinds of objects interesting. They can store the ancient genetic building blocks. And in the most exciting model, the Ryugu is part of the ancient planet or protoplanet. 

Some kind of protoplanet impacted Earth.  A long time ago. And that impact caused the Moon to separate from Earth. The DNA and RNA building blocks from the asteroid are always interesting things. There is also a small possibility that those building blocks of RNA and DNA are also coming from Earth. This thing can support ideas.  Maybe Earth can deliver some kind of lifeforms to Venus. Those lifeforms could be like the Anthrax bacteria. 

That could take the spore form. And maybe some of those bacteria can stay alive. And flow in Venus’s clouds. In some other models. Tiny viruses from ancient planets could travel between stars. Those genome packs could keep their form in absolute zero degrees Kelvin. 

Maybe. The supernova, or nova explosion. Or some impact could destroy the entire star. And throw those genomes around the universe. But nobody is sure. About the origin of that genetic material, before more samples are collected from the asteroid belt. The interesting information. It  could be. Is there more genetic information frozen in asteroids? Than just those bases that the reseachers found from Ruygu samples. But if Ryugu is the only asteroid that carries these DNA and RNA building blocks. That is also an interesting possibility. 

https://knowridge.com/2026/06/rare-sahara-meteorite-uncovers-a-hidden-planet-from-the-early-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-found-all-5-genetic-letters-of-dna-and-rna-on-an-asteroid/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142_Polana

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162173_Ryugu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/495_Eulalia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia_(hypothetical_planet)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon

Interesting details of mythical Planet 9.

“The Subaru Telescope has spotted a cosmic relic that could rewrite what we know about the early Solar System. Nicknamed 'Ammonite' but officially designated 2023 KQ14, this newly discovered space rock is now the fourth known sednoid, a rare class of distant, icy bodies with highly elongated orbits that dance around the outermost fringes of our cosmic neighbourhood. What makes Ammonite special? It’s not just its extreme orbit. It's a frozen relic from the dawn of the Solar System, offering clues about how our planets formed around the Sun, and whether a mysterious ninth planet still lurks in the darkness.” (BBC Sky at Night magazine,Ancient relic discovered on the edge of our Solar System could help solve the Planet Nine mystery)

Search for Planet 9 continues. Planet 9 is the name. For the mysterious gravitational effect. That affects the trajectory of the planet Neptune. The new observations about the trans-Neptunian objects, TNOs. Offer an alternative reason for those mysterious gravitational effects. The new trans-Neptunian object. Called 2017 OF201. is the candidate for a dwarf planet. And that object is interesting for searching for Planet X. The 2017 OF201 diameter. It is about 700 kilometers. 

Reseachers used that object’s trajectory. For searching for Planet 9. The 2017 OF201 tells. That there could be more massive objects in the Kuiper belt. And that means that. The alternative explanation for Planet X is the swarm of small objects in the Kuiper belt. A large number of dwarf planets can affect the large planet’s trajectories. But the problem is: could the mass of Kuiper belt objects be so high? Do they affect the trajectory of planet Neptune? 

The finding of the 2017 QF201 caused a new search. And the newest object in our solar system. It is the 2023 KQ14, nicknamed “Ammonite”. 

Or could the situation there, Alpha Centauri A and B, and Proxima Centauri, along with the Luhman 16 system, form the line? Could those systems, along with Kuiper belt objects, cause the situation in which Neptune’s trajectory wobbles? The latest found TNO. It is the 2023 KQ14. The Subaru telescope found the distant object in the Kuiper belt. And that means that. The large mass of the Kuiper belt might not be found. There can be objects that are waiting for their finders. Those two objects tell us. We don’t know the Kuiper belt yet. 

There is still a possibility. That. There is a cold planet outside the solar system. The mass of planet 9 would be larger than that of Earth. But the problem is that the most promising area for that very distant planet is very far away. For probes like New Horizons, it takes 118 years to reach that area. There is always a possibility that the probe travels to the wrong point. And that means it cannot find the unknown planet. 

“Artist's impression of Quaoar rings. Credit: Paris Observatory” (ScitechDaily, Space Mystery: Unexpected New Ring System Discovered in Our Own Solar System)

But there are also many alternative explanations for Planet 9. If we talk about the mysterious gravity effect. One of the most exciting versions is that. Planet 9 could be a primordial black hole. The small black hole that can lurk inside the icy shell. Reseachers suggest that.  In the universe. There can be small black holes. Those planet-mass black holes. They can lurk inside the structures. That seems like a planet. The size of those theoretical objects can be smaller than a coin. They could create an ice shell around them. If Planet 9 is a primordial black hole. 

That thing. It can be very small and massive. So, if that hypothetical primordial black hole exists. The object called Quaoar is one of the strongest candidates for that thing. The dwarf planet Quaoar has a ring system and moons. The gravity on that object is extremely weak. Or it should be so weak. That the moon and the ring system should not exist. The size. Of. Quaoar is so small. It cannot create a magnetic field. Because Quaoar should not have a melted core. 

There is, of course. A possibility that some kind of gas. Or water can stay liquid. In that extremely low. gravitation and temperature. That thing can carry magnetic particles around the core of that small world. This means that there could be stranger objects than water moons. The water moon means the moons like Jupiter’s Europa. There are low gravity and tidal forces. That keeps those oceans liquid. In that case, water plays the same role as magma basalt. Plays on Earth. So, could there be objects? That are. Similar to the Europa moon? But those objects formed of methane or carbon dioxide ice? The water is replaced by some gas. 

This explains the rings of Quaoar. But things like its satellite Weywot, and another possible. But not a confirmed satellite. They are harder to explain. By using plasma whirls as an explanation. Some people think that Weywot is too far from Quaoar to be its stable companion. But otherwise, conditions in the outer solar system are very stable. 

“Weywot is about 116–172 km (72–107 mi) in diameter and orbits Quaoar every 12.4 days at an average distance of 13,300 km (8,300 mi). Weywot is thought to play a role in maintaining Quaoar's outer ring by gravitationally influencing it in an orbital resonance.” (Wikipedia, Weywot). 

If those rings are locked in Quaoar’s plasma rings. The Quaoar must have a magnetic field. So the magnetic field can form in the interaction. There, weak gravity packs plasma around Quaoar. Then that plasma starts to whirl around the dwarf planet. And that acts as a plasma generator. Another version is that there is something very heavy in that small object. The primordial black hole. It is an interesting theorem. And maybe someday we could see what causes the gravitational effect. In the planet Neptune's trajectory?

https://www.astronomy.com/science/is-planet-nine-a-black-hole-or-a-planet-harvard-scientists-suggest-a-way-to-find-out/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-planet-nine-real-new-discovery-at-the-edge-of-the-solar-system-adds-a-twist/

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/ammonite-2023-kq14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_OF201

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_KQ14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weywot

Why are most distant galaxies distancing so fast?

“Standard candles (left) and standard rulers (right) are two different techniques astronomers used to measure the expansion of space at various times/distances in the past. Based on how quantities like luminosity or angular size/diameter change with distance, we can infer the expansion history of the Universe. Standard candles involve looking at objects whose intrinsic brightness is known at all cosmic distances, while standard rulers involve looking at features such as the physical size of a known object or the average separation distance between any two galaxies (imprinted from baryon acoustic oscillations during the early stages of the Big Bang) that evolve as the Universe expands.” (Big Think, Ask Ethan: How can ultra-distant galaxies move so fast?)

Here, we must realize one thing. We don’t know the luminosity of the most distant objects. There can be dark nebulae between Earth and those objects. Another thing is that. There are two directions in which those objects move. The horizontal and vertical. The vertical movement is the movement away from our galaxy. And the horizontal movement is the movement to the side from the original direction of our galaxy. 

This means that if we were to find a galaxy. That is the opposite of our galaxy, and both galaxies orbit the center in the same direction. That means we would not see horizontal movement at all. But the vertical distancing, the redshift of that galaxy, will be incredible. The redshift measures the vertical movement. Spectral lines in that distant galaxy turn red. The horizontal movement is measured by using different methods. 

If this galaxy is found. That could bring us closer to proving the existence of dark flow. If dark flow exists. And galaxies orbit the same point. That tells us. The universe has a mass center. Or. There is a point that puts the entire universe in orbit around it. 

The answer is in the position of the observer. The phenomenon is opposite to the case where two cars collide at a speed of 50 km/h. This means that. When car 1 has a speed of 50 km/h. And a car 2 also has a speed of 50 km/h, the impact speed. It is 50 km/h + 50 km/h. And. That is 100 km/h. So, the effect is similar to that of a car impacting a standing wall at a speed of 100 km/h. Same way. If two cars are distancing themselves. 

To the opposite direction. And both of them have a speed of 50 km/h, the distancing speed is also 100 km/h. This is one of the things that we can just say. That everything is relative. When two electrons collide in the particle accelerators at a speed of 80% of the speed of light. That means their impact speed is 160% of the speed of light. Those particles will not cross the speed of light. But their mutual speed is higher. 

The mutual speed of two objects can be different from the speed of each of the objects. In the same way, when two photons travel in opposite directions. Their mutual speed. It is. Two times faster. Than the speed of light. 

Then to galaxies. Measurements of the distancing speed of galaxies. It is measured by using the Doppler effect. This means that the wavelength of the radiation becomes longer. Then two objects are distancing. This means that spectral lines travel to the red. And when another object gets closer to us, that turns the wave movement shorter. 

This is the effect, called blueshift. But. We must realize that gravitation pulls that radiation longer. And this means that. Near black holes, all objects seem slower. Than they really are. So galaxies cause an effect on the object that comes closer, seeming to be slower than they really are. And objects that travel away seem to be distancing faster than they really do. We can call it an effect. There gravity stretches light.  As a virtual redshift. 

 But then. If. We are looking. At the most distant galaxies that are on the opposite side of the universe. We must realize that the speed always behaves the same way. When two galaxies are moving away from each other. Their distancing speed behaves like the distancing speed between two cars. The speed at which the systems measure. It is the speed of galaxy 1 + the speed of galaxy 2. 

But then another thing is this. Gravitation stretches light. This means that every gravitational center. Seems to be in longer distances than they really are. Gravitation stretches light on both sides of the measurement line. The galaxy that sends light pulls that light back. That causes a virtual redshift that is stronger than the real redshift.

When that light travels to the Milky Way, the gravity of our galaxy pulls the wave movement from the front. And that means that. Also, our galaxy has the effect of that redshift. In the cases of galaxies. The gravity stretches light so strongly that it has an effect on redshift. If we think that the effect of the gravitational redshift is very small in the case of light-years. 

But in the long distances. Like distances of megaparsecs, even small errors. Turn bigger. One parsec is 3,26 ly and a megaparsec is a million parsecs. 

In the same way as in the cases. That measurement tool makes a 1 mm error. In the 100m distances. That error might not seem big. But. When we try to measure distances. Like Earth's distance to Jupiter. Those errors turn into an enormous scale. 

⁠https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-galaxies-move-fast/⁠⁠

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow⁠⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec⁠⁠

Scientists think that life can thrive on a rogue planet’s moons.

"New research points to a previously overlooked setting for life: moons drifting through interstellar space with no sunlight at all. Under the right conditions, they may maintain long-lasting, habitable environments (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Life Without a Sun? Scientists Say It May Thrive on Rogue Planet Moons)

Rogue planets, or at least some of them, have an origin as a planet in a planetary system. Then, a cosmic catastrophe, such as a nova eruption or supernova explosion, pushes that planet away from its orbital trajectory. This causes a situation. Where a rogue planet and its moons can start to travel through the universe. 

But can those rogue planets or their moons host life? The fact is that. Rogue planets are distant objects from their star. The star changes into a red giant before it explodes. And in that short period, it’s possible that primitive lifeforms start to form on distant planets. 

Then, a nova or supernova pushes that planet away from its solar system. In that process. The temperature on the planet drops very fast. In that case, some of those primitive organisms could survive in ice. There is a possibility that those organisms can take the rest form. Maybe. Those bacteria can turn. They themselves are spores. Like anthrax bacteria. And those rest forms could remain theoretically forever if they are in stable conditions. But can those spores wake up? That is one of the most interesting questions. There is a possibility. 

Those lifeforms. They can get their energy from volcanic heat. If the organism lives on the moon, which orbits a large rogue planet, that can cause a tidal wave, which keeps that moon’s inner core liquid. Tidal forces can form very high temperatures. And that energy. It can give enough energy. That some tiny organisms could survive and thrive on that planet, or its moons. Those small organisms could live under the icy shell of those exoplanets. This means that rogue planets or their moons might host life, which could be very similar to Earth's bacteria. 

Can a rogue planet support intelligent life? 

Life on some  rogue planet’s moons is a very rare but possible idea. In some extreme models of that idea, the alien civilization could see that their star will turn unstable. If they don’t have the resources to start interstellar travel, that could remain for millennia. Those alien creatures could hide their gemates under their home planet’s surface. 

Intelligent aliens can build bases under a rogue planet’s ice shell. They can use nuclear power or water that is liquid because of tidal forces. As a power source. Those tidal forces can keep the core of those moons warm. And there can be liquid water under a very thick ice layer. 

This means those maybe intelligent creatures could remain under the ice of rogue planets. The idea is taken. From the Sci-Fi series, where the human moon colony travels across the universe on the moon. That nukes were thrown away from the Earth orbiter. 

Could some intelligent civilization think that it can survive the explosion of its star by burying its spores? into the ice of the freezing planet that the explosion throws away from its trajectory? This is one of the wildest scenarios of things that a rogue planet can cause. And of course, maybe someday. Humans can make bases under the ice of rogue planets. 

https://scitechdaily.com/life-without-a-sun-scientists-say-it-may-thrive-on-rogue-planet-moons/

The neutron star followed an oval trajectory before it collided with a black hole.

“Artist’s impression of an eccentric neutron star–black hole binary. The neutron star’s path is shown in blue and the black hole’s motion in orange as the two objects orbit each other. The eccentricity shown here is exaggerated compared to the real system, GW200105, to make the effect on the orbital motion clearer. Credit: Geraint Pratten, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Birmingham” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Spot a Black Hole-Neutron Star Pair Breaking the Rules of Cosmic Orbits)

The neutron star’s unusual trajectory when it fell into a black hole. The thing that formed that unusual oval trajectory could be the third component. There could be a possibility. That there was something unseen. Maybe the second back hole in the system before the final impact. The third participant can be outside the system. Or maybe it's very close to the back hole. 

The neutron star and black hole collided, and this thing defies predicted models. The neutron star impacted the black hole following an oval trajectory. This means that the closest point in that trajectory moved closer and closer to the black hole. And then the black hole pulled that neutron star inside it. The reason for that trajectory is that the neutron star got more energy when it closed the black hole. 

Similarly, in cases where black holes merge with neutron stars, they also have their own material disk. The impact of material disks will create energy, which pushes the neutron star away from the black hole. This also explains gamma-rays. From those mergers. 

The material disk interacts with the black hole material disk, and that forms energy. So this means that the shape of the trajectory remains similar. But sooner or later, the black hole “steals” the neutron star’s material disk. This means that the neutron star will not get as much energy from the impact of those material disks. This means that the black hole pulls the neutron star closer and closer to it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-spot-a-black-hole-neutron-star-pair-breaking-the-rules-of-cosmic-orbits/