Why are most distant galaxies distancing so fast?

“Standard candles (left) and standard rulers (right) are two different techniques astronomers used to measure the expansion of space at various times/distances in the past. Based on how quantities like luminosity or angular size/diameter change with distance, we can infer the expansion history of the Universe. Standard candles involve looking at objects whose intrinsic brightness is known at all cosmic distances, while standard rulers involve looking at features such as the physical size of a known object or the average separation distance between any two galaxies (imprinted from baryon acoustic oscillations during the early stages of the Big Bang) that evolve as the Universe expands.” (Big Think, Ask Ethan: How can ultra-distant galaxies move so fast?)

Here, we must realize one thing. We don’t know the luminosity of the most distant objects. There can be dark nebulae between Earth and those objects. Another thing is that. There are two directions in which those objects move. The horizontal and vertical. The vertical movement is the movement away from our galaxy. And the horizontal movement is the movement to the side from the original direction of our galaxy. 

This means that if we were to find a galaxy. That is the opposite of our galaxy, and both galaxies orbit the center in the same direction. That means we would not see horizontal movement at all. But the vertical distancing, the redshift of that galaxy, will be incredible. The redshift measures the vertical movement. Spectral lines in that distant galaxy turn red. The horizontal movement is measured by using different methods. 

If this galaxy is found. That could bring us closer to proving the existence of dark flow. If dark flow exists. And galaxies orbit the same point. That tells us. The universe has a mass center. Or. There is a point that puts the entire universe in orbit around it. 

The answer is in the position of the observer. The phenomenon is opposite to the case where two cars collide at a speed of 50 km/h. This means that. When car 1 has a speed of 50 km/h. And a car 2 also has a speed of 50 km/h, the impact speed. It is 50 km/h + 50 km/h. And. That is 100 km/h. So, the effect is similar to that of a car impacting a standing wall at a speed of 100 km/h. Same way. If two cars are distancing themselves. 

To the opposite direction. And both of them have a speed of 50 km/h, the distancing speed is also 100 km/h. This is one of the things that we can just say. That everything is relative. When two electrons collide in the particle accelerators at a speed of 80% of the speed of light. That means their impact speed is 160% of the speed of light. Those particles will not cross the speed of light. But their mutual speed is higher. 

The mutual speed of two objects can be different from the speed of each of the objects. In the same way, when two photons travel in opposite directions. Their mutual speed. It is. Two times faster. Than the speed of light. 

Then to galaxies. Measurements of the distancing speed of galaxies. It is measured by using the Doppler effect. This means that the wavelength of the radiation becomes longer. Then two objects are distancing. This means that spectral lines travel to the red. And when another object gets closer to us, that turns the wave movement shorter. 

This is the effect, called blueshift. But. We must realize that gravitation pulls that radiation longer. And this means that. Near black holes, all objects seem slower. Than they really are. So galaxies cause an effect on the object that comes closer, seeming to be slower than they really are. And objects that travel away seem to be distancing faster than they really do. We can call it an effect. There gravity stretches light.  As a virtual redshift. 

 But then. If. We are looking. At the most distant galaxies that are on the opposite side of the universe. We must realize that the speed always behaves the same way. When two galaxies are moving away from each other. Their distancing speed behaves like the distancing speed between two cars. The speed at which the systems measure. It is the speed of galaxy 1 + the speed of galaxy 2. 

But then another thing is this. Gravitation stretches light. This means that every gravitational center. Seems to be in longer distances than they really are. Gravitation stretches light on both sides of the measurement line. The galaxy that sends light pulls that light back. That causes a virtual redshift that is stronger than the real redshift.

When that light travels to the Milky Way, the gravity of our galaxy pulls the wave movement from the front. And that means that. Also, our galaxy has the effect of that redshift. In the cases of galaxies. The gravity stretches light so strongly that it has an effect on redshift. If we think that the effect of the gravitational redshift is very small in the case of light-years. 

But in the long distances. Like distances of megaparsecs, even small errors. Turn bigger. One parsec is 3,26 ly and a megaparsec is a million parsecs. 

In the same way as in the cases. That measurement tool makes a 1 mm error. In the 100m distances. That error might not seem big. But. When we try to measure distances. Like Earth's distance to Jupiter. Those errors turn into an enormous scale. 

⁠https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-galaxies-move-fast/⁠⁠

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow⁠⁠

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec⁠⁠

Scientists think that life can thrive on a rogue planet’s moons.

"New research points to a previously overlooked setting for life: moons drifting through interstellar space with no sunlight at all. Under the right conditions, they may maintain long-lasting, habitable environments (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Life Without a Sun? Scientists Say It May Thrive on Rogue Planet Moons)

Rogue planets, or at least some of them, have an origin as a planet in a planetary system. Then, a cosmic catastrophe, such as a nova eruption or supernova explosion, pushes that planet away from its orbital trajectory. This causes a situation. Where a rogue planet and its moons can start to travel through the universe. 

But can those rogue planets or their moons host life? The fact is that. Rogue planets are distant objects from their star. The star changes into a red giant before it explodes. And in that short period, it’s possible that primitive lifeforms start to form on distant planets. 

Then, a nova or supernova pushes that planet away from its solar system. In that process. The temperature on the planet drops very fast. In that case, some of those primitive organisms could survive in ice. There is a possibility that those organisms can take the rest form. Maybe. Those bacteria can turn. They themselves are spores. Like anthrax bacteria. And those rest forms could remain theoretically forever if they are in stable conditions. But can those spores wake up? That is one of the most interesting questions. There is a possibility. 

Those lifeforms. They can get their energy from volcanic heat. If the organism lives on the moon, which orbits a large rogue planet, that can cause a tidal wave, which keeps that moon’s inner core liquid. Tidal forces can form very high temperatures. And that energy. It can give enough energy. That some tiny organisms could survive and thrive on that planet, or its moons. Those small organisms could live under the icy shell of those exoplanets. This means that rogue planets or their moons might host life, which could be very similar to Earth's bacteria. 

Can a rogue planet support intelligent life? 

Life on some  rogue planet’s moons is a very rare but possible idea. In some extreme models of that idea, the alien civilization could see that their star will turn unstable. If they don’t have the resources to start interstellar travel, that could remain for millennia. Those alien creatures could hide their gemates under their home planet’s surface. 

Intelligent aliens can build bases under a rogue planet’s ice shell. They can use nuclear power or water that is liquid because of tidal forces. As a power source. Those tidal forces can keep the core of those moons warm. And there can be liquid water under a very thick ice layer. 

This means those maybe intelligent creatures could remain under the ice of rogue planets. The idea is taken. From the Sci-Fi series, where the human moon colony travels across the universe on the moon. That nukes were thrown away from the Earth orbiter. 

Could some intelligent civilization think that it can survive the explosion of its star by burying its spores? into the ice of the freezing planet that the explosion throws away from its trajectory? This is one of the wildest scenarios of things that a rogue planet can cause. And of course, maybe someday. Humans can make bases under the ice of rogue planets. 

https://scitechdaily.com/life-without-a-sun-scientists-say-it-may-thrive-on-rogue-planet-moons/

The neutron star followed an oval trajectory before it collided with a black hole.

“Artist’s impression of an eccentric neutron star–black hole binary. The neutron star’s path is shown in blue and the black hole’s motion in orange as the two objects orbit each other. The eccentricity shown here is exaggerated compared to the real system, GW200105, to make the effect on the orbital motion clearer. Credit: Geraint Pratten, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Birmingham” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Spot a Black Hole-Neutron Star Pair Breaking the Rules of Cosmic Orbits)

The neutron star’s unusual trajectory when it fell into a black hole. The thing that formed that unusual oval trajectory could be the third component. There could be a possibility. That there was something unseen. Maybe the second back hole in the system before the final impact. The third participant can be outside the system. Or maybe it's very close to the back hole. 

The neutron star and black hole collided, and this thing defies predicted models. The neutron star impacted the black hole following an oval trajectory. This means that the closest point in that trajectory moved closer and closer to the black hole. And then the black hole pulled that neutron star inside it. The reason for that trajectory is that the neutron star got more energy when it closed the black hole. 

Similarly, in cases where black holes merge with neutron stars, they also have their own material disk. The impact of material disks will create energy, which pushes the neutron star away from the black hole. This also explains gamma-rays. From those mergers. 

The material disk interacts with the black hole material disk, and that forms energy. So this means that the shape of the trajectory remains similar. But sooner or later, the black hole “steals” the neutron star’s material disk. This means that the neutron star will not get as much energy from the impact of those material disks. This means that the black hole pulls the neutron star closer and closer to it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-spot-a-black-hole-neutron-star-pair-breaking-the-rules-of-cosmic-orbits/

How can the black hole merger form gamma-ray bursts?

When black holes collide, that event sends gravitational waves. There is a possibility that the gamma-ray burst (GRB) forms when those black holes’ halos touch each other. Every black hole is surrounded by material disks and photons that orbit it. The black holes. That participate. In this event. They were about 50 times larger than the sun. 

”Together, the two black holes weighed more than 100 times the mass of the Sun, placing the event among the most massive stellar-mass black hole mergers detected so far. Most previously observed mergers involve systems with only a few tens of solar masses.”(Interesting Engineering, A cosmic surprise: Black hole merger may have sparked a gamma-ray burst) 

The large size and heavy mass of those black holes tell. That. Those black holes could be the result of previous mergers. They were extremely large stellar black holes. 

Before black holes’ event horizons touch each other, those halos of matter and photons cross each other. In that case, if those halos and material disks impact each other. Particles that orbit those black holes interact, and these interactions can form the GRB. In this case, the GRB formation happens. When those halos that orbit in opposite directions impact each other. In those large black holes, their halos are quite large. 

And that means those halos have a time to reach a very high energy level. If those black holes were smaller, or their sizes were different. This can mean that the interaction between those material halos is shorter. That forms the shorter. And lower energy gamma- or X-ray flash. This thing. It can prove primordial black holes. 

And if all black hole mergers form the gamma-rays, this thing should mean that all of those black holes spin in opposite directions. That causes the model. The black holes turn. Into superposition and entanglement. Before they impact. Every time particles go into quantum entanglement, they spin in opposite directions. In the same way, if the black holes go into quantum entanglement, they will turn to spin in opposite directions. 

When we start to think that the source of the mysterious gamma-ray bursts is the cases where the black hole’s material disks and halos touch each other, that can be the first evidence about the miniature, primordial black holes. Those miniature, or planetary-mass black holes, form similar halos around them as larger black holes. 

This means that. Maybe some gamma-ray lightning, whose origin is in lone black holes, can merge with a small black hole. Those black holes could form when the radiation from the bigger black hole presses. A planet or some other objects in the form of a black hole. This means that the black hole could clone itself. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/black-hole-merger-produces-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

The ancient mega-stars. Could be. The origin of ancient black holes.

“Star Collapse Black Hole Jet Art Astronomers may have finally uncovered the origin of the universe’s earliest supermassive black holes. Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope revealed an unusual chemical signature in a distant galaxy. And. It points to the existence of colossal first-generation stars thousands of times more massive than the Sun. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, JWST Detects Evidence of “Monster Stars” That May Have Created the Universe’s First Giant Black Holes)

Could those giant stars be? A so-called. But still hypothetical. Quasi-stars. Or black hole stars? 

In some models, the first stars in the ancient universe were so-called quasi-stars or black hole stars. Those hypothetical stars could get their energy from a black hole inside them. The black hole pulls hydrogen from around it into the form of a hollow shell. And there could be nuclear reactions in that shell that formed heavier elements. 

New observations tell us about the first stars. Those giant stars formed just after the Big Bang. And there is a possibility that those stars are the origin of the universe’s first black holes. The major problem with the universe’s history is: What came first? Were black holes before the first stars, or were the first stars before the black holes? In the cosmological models, the only element that formed straight after the Big Bang was hydrogen. 

The main question is, what made hydrogen ions or atoms fall into stars? Could there be some kind of electron clouds that pulled protons together? And then those electrons remained to orbit those protons. This means that atoms formed in those first stars. The problem is. What made protons, or atomic hydrogen, fall and form stars? There are a couple of possibilities. The first thing could be the negative electromagnetic field. That could form an electron cloud, which pulls protons to it. 

“The size comparison of a Quasi-star with other stars.” (Wikipedia, The size comparison of a Quasi-star with other stars.)

Another thing. That which can launch the stellar formation is small black holes or some kind of voids in the young universe. The gravity center, like small primordial black holes. It can make matter accumulate around it. But the cosmic void can also act like a black hole. 

If some kind of radiation beam. Can create a cosmic void. It’s possible that when that kind of void collapses. The idea is that the cosmic high-energy beam pushes particles and quantum fields away from its route. Then the gravity. Along with the falling quantum fields. That travel into that cosmic void. Pull those hydrogen atoms into that cosmic emptiness. And that effect can be connected with the gravity. Together, those things, the collapsing comic void and gravity, can launch star formation. 

Another thing that can create those cosmic voids. It could be matter-antimatter annihilation. There could be antimatter existing. In the young universe. And electron-positron or proton-antiproton annihilation could form those cosmic voids that start to pack matter from around them. 

Particles can travel across that emptiness at very high speeds, and that can form a whirl in the nebula. The problem. In those things is the gravity. And the electromagnetic pulling effect must. Win over the electromagnetic pushing. 

There are only electrons and protons; something must happen that allows those particles and atoms to form the stars. Atomic hydrogen reacts very weakly with other hydrogen atoms. And there must form some kind of structure that starts to pack those atoms. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-detects-evidence-of-monster-stars-that-may-have-created-the-universes-first-giant-black-holes/

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

The planet is in the wrong place.

“LHS 1903 is a small red M-dwarf star that is cooler and shines less brightly than our Sun. Scientists used telescopes in space and on Earth to discover four planets orbiting LHS 1903. With those telescopes, they classified the three closest planets to the star as the innermost being rocky, and the two that follow it as gas giants. Credit: ESA” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Stunned by Rocky Planet in the Wrong Place)

“Scientists have identified a rocky outer planet in a system where a gas giant was expected. The discovery challenges traditional models and supports the idea that planets may form one by one in changing environments.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Stunned by Rocky Planet in the Wrong Place)

Could xxoplanet LHS 1903 e be a rogue planet that a red dwarf HS 1903 captured? This explains the exoplanet’s wrong trajectory. 

The exoplanet  LHS 1903 e is a rocky world near a red dwarf star LHS 1903. This planet is extraordinary. Because of its trajectory. The LHS 1903 has a planetary system, where the closest exoplanet is a rocky world. Then there will be two scaled-down versions of Neptune. So, those planets are gas-rich. But then. The last known planet, LHS 1903 e. 

It is again a rocky world. This means that the LHS 1903 e doesn’t follow the rule about the order of the planets. So, this “wrong position”. Causes an idea. This exoplanet could have originated around some other star. And then that star lost this planet. Maybe the nova or supernova eruption kicked that exoplanet LHC 1903 e from its trajectory. 

So, could the origin of the dwarf planet Pluto in our solar system be a rogue planet? 

The hypothesis about the rogue planet that the star captured can explain some details about the dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon. There are several theories about the origin of Pluto. The first one is that Pluto’s origin was as the moon of Uranus or Neptune. The one other explanation . About Pluto. It could be. That Pluto. It was. Some kind of rogue asteroid. Or a dwarf planet. That our solar system captured.

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-stunned-by-rocky-planet-in-the-wrong-place/

Can the cosmic web cause dark interactions in the universe?

On top of that text. Is the image. Of. The cosmic web. The cosmic web is the giant structure of colossal strings. The image shows that the cosmic web forms structures that seem like neurons. This causes the cosmic web, sometimes called “Cosmic neural structure”, which causes ideas of the intelligent universe.

The dark energy source can be in empty areas near the cosmic web. Maybe. They collect energy and then reflect it, causing energy asymmetry. Those. Lower-energy and less dense areas. Which seems darker, can act like vacuum bombs. They focus energy. And reflect it. 

The denser areas in the universe transmit energy waves more strongly than the less dense areas. But the thing is that. Energy always travels out from denser structures. 

And then that energy spreads faster. So a denser structure can. Only focus energy more effectively than the area outside it. The energy wave that travels in denser structures stays together, or keeps its form better, than energy waves that travel into less dense structures. 

If energy is released into a cosmic bubble, like the Boötes void, that energy jumps back from the middle of that void. This means that the cosmic voids act like vacuum bombs. They collect energy in the middle of the bubble and jump it out of it. This kind of cosmic bubble void can also exist outside the galactic superclusters. So. Those cosmic bubbles can exist in the extremely low-energy areas in the universe. They can collect energy. And then send it back. And that can be one of the reasons for dark energy. 

Dark energy and dark matter are things that cause grey hair for researchers. The question is: what puts energy into motion in the universe? The answer can be found in the cosmic web, also known as cosmic megastructures. That megastructure forms a denser particle-energy field formation than areas outside the megastructure. This means energy flows away from the megastructure. This causes the asymmetry in energy fields. 

The energy flows from the web to the environment around it, happening throughout the whole trip, but the strongest energy flow is released from the ends of those giant strings. If the “walls” of those. Giant structures. They are denser than their internal structures, so that energy also goes into the middle of those structures. That means those structures form the maser effect that turns their internal structures into a high energy level. The energy is interacting, and also things like particles outside that cosmic structure send wave movement, because they vaporize or turn into energy faster than particles in that structure. 

If the densest part of the structure is its shell, that means the strongest energy wave travels in that shell. The structure acts like a giant maser that transports energy into the shockwave, a pressure front that travels at the edge of the universe. If. The cosmic web is the structure that sends dark energy, which can explain why that energy affects only the largest structures. 

The cosmic web, or one of the veins. Or its massive strings send wave movement through the universe. The wave’s size is so colossal that it can move only another string. The system sends those waves through. Extremely thin. Matter and energy fields. So the mutual gravity in those strings doesn’t let galaxies and galaxy clusters travel away. So those energy impulses move those giant structures. As. An entirety. 

The dark matter can be dark because it. Because identical particles form that matter. Or. Maybe. Those particles are almost. Identical. And if those particles' energy level decreases all the time. When their distances grow from the energy center, they don’t violate even the Pauli exclusion principle. 

The idea is that the dark matter particles. Form a cloud of identical particles around the visible matter. Because. Those particles. Are identical. 

Only their energy level decreases when their distance from the visible particle decreases, which means energy travels without resistance out from the visible particle. If those dark matter particles are identical, that means they act as 2D materials do. But. That action is in the 3D space. 

The difference between the universe and the laboratory is that. The universe is far bigger, and energy is spread over such a large area, that it cannot form a detectable echo or reflection. Another thing is that. The system that is in the universe between those cosmic web strings has no edge. The energy travels between particles. That distance is over one meter. So, if those two particles, like protons or electrons, are over a meter, that is possible outside the galaxy superclusters. That causes a situation. That reflection of those particles spreads into such a large area. That. It becomes so weak. That. We cannot see it. 

This means the energy travels between particles, and only a small percentage of it impacts other particles. Because. The gravitational interaction is similar to that of dark matter and visible matter. 

That means. Dark matter is denser near those cosmic web strings. That causes an effect where energy travels out from those strings. It travels into space, which has a far lower energy level than. This low-energy matter is around the cosmic web. And that causes an effect where energy travels out from that area into the area where dark matter particles are over longer distances than they are near those cosmic web structures.

The reason we cannot see dark matter can be found. In. The system models. The system model can describe that visible matter, or visible particles, can be so bright that they can cover other particles with their shine. The idea is. The visible matter. It can be like a propeller. That aims energy, or wave movement, into the dark matter particles. Those dark matter particles can be smaller than electrons. This means that the visible matter sends energy into the harmonic system. That is a form of smaller particles. Those smaller particles can be homogeneous. 

Or close to the homogenous particle cloud. This means that the homogenous particle cloud can act like 2D matter. The cloud of quarks or some other particles can transport energy without resistance through space. This means that if energy travels through a homogeneous particle cloud, it can travel through it without causing an echo. The energy level outside that system is minimal, and that pulls energy only in one direction. 

That means the lower energy area. Simply. Pulls energy from the visible particle. That energy spreads through the system. The energy spreads into such large areas that it cannot cause reflection that we can see. Those systems have no edge, or the edge is so far that energy cannot form a standing wave at the edge of the system. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/gravitationally-bound-expanding-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_field_(classical)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)