Could there have been UFOs in Earth's orbit in the 1950s?

Aligned, Multiple-Transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey could be artificial objects. Or. They could also be some light reflections from ice. Or something like that. That phenomenon didn’t repeat. And that is one of the biggest problems with this kind of observation. So, were those things humanoids? That is an open question. But what else could those things be? Could we find an answer from nuclear tests, or maybe from some secretive space experiments? 

Could there be measurement errors in the Palomar observatory? 

The first observations about those events from the Palomar Sky Survey were in 1952. That means: Those objects at altitudes of about 30-100 km could have been delivered to space during some nuclear tests. The nuclear test series “Crossroads” (1946), Operation Sandstone (1948), “Operation Ranger” (1951, Operation Greenhouse (1951), “Operation Buster-Jangle” (1951), and “Operation Tumbler–Snapper” (1952). 

And especially “Operation Ivy” (1952) could throw those objects to space. Or. Suborbital trajectory. Especially high-yield nuclear tests: “Greenhouse George (250 kt.) and “Ivy Mike” (10 mt.) could throw water or some debris to very low orbit. So could those “Palomar Dots” be the ice. That escaped from some early nuclear tests. 

When. A high-yield nuclear detonator throws water and debris from the atoll where it detonated. Those. Stones and ice bits could orbit the Earth. And of course, the Trinity test could throw some debris into the upper atmosphere. When extremely hot vapor rises to above 18  kilometers, the steam freezes immediately. That was the altitude of the Hiroshima Bomb cloud. 

The Ivy Mike was the first full-scale thermonuclear explosive. The cloud rose to a much higher altitude than the Hiroshima bomb cloud. “The mushroom cloud rose to an altitude of 17 km (56,000 ft) in less than 90 seconds. One minute later it had reached 33 km (108,000 ft), before stabilizing at 41 km (135,000 ft) with the top eventually spreading out to a diameter of 161 km (100 mi) with a stem 32 km (20 mi) wide.” (Wikipedia, Ivy Mike). 

“Ivy Mike” mushroom cloud. 

In 1957, there were rumors. That some metal plates escaped. To high altitude. Or even to space during Operation Plumbbob. The test that " happened " there was a 300-ton Pascal B. There were many other tests, including 12 kt. “Boltzmann” that could launch measurement rockets to very high altitudes. 

So. Let’s forget humanoids. And start. To find the answer in the Nevada Desert or the Pacific proving ground. There were rumors that, during the Plumbbob test series. One. Of those tests. Pascal B pushed one metal plate into space. That rumor is disputed. Pascal B was a 300-ton safety test. It did not. Have enough power. To throw the metal plate into space. But the metal plate that Pascal B threw up was never found. But we must remember that Pascal B was a very weak nuclear explosion. There were more powerful nuclear tests. Even. In Operation Plumbbob. The Hood was a 74-kiloton test. 

Wikipedia describes the Pascal B test like this:  Pascal B was conducted on August 27, 1957. “Shaft safety experiment, failed. Sent the shaft cap weighing several hundred pounds (1 ton) at velocity very roughly pre-calculated as 66 km/s (41 mi/s); popular claims of it reaching space are disputed.” (Wikipedia, Operation Plumbbob)

It was the most powerful nuclear test. Ever made on the USA mainland. 

And. If. There was some metal plate. That escaped. That test could throw metal and stones into space. We must remember that. There were many nuclear tests. Before. Operation Plumbbob. And that means any of those nuclear tests could push small metal plates into high altitudes. 

“Project GENETRIX Balloon during launch.”  (Wikipedia, Project GENETRIX Balloon during launch)

The balloon is soft while it is released. When. It rises to the high atmosphere. It expands. And takes the ball shape. 

“William J. O'Sullivan at desk with folded subsatellite, 30-inch subsatellite, 12-foot subsatellite, and corner reflector.” (Wikipedia, Project Echo) 

The fact is that explosions that the U.S. military detonated in Nevada were very small in comparison with the Pacific nuclear tests. The size. Of the most powerful Pacific explosion was 15 mt. Many of those tests were more than 3 mt. That means. They could throw Things like water and metal debris into space.  Another. Fact is that the Soviets also made nuclear tests. 

This means that, if aligned, multiple transient events in the First Palomar Sky Survey are real. The Soviet nuclear tests could also throw them into space. If. They were in space at all. Those objects could be so-called high atmospheric targets. They could be ice bites. Or they could be some high-altitude balloons. And maybe. They could be part of a high-altitude balloon reconnaissance program called “Project Genetrix”. Those balloons collected data from the Soviet airspace using acoustic sensors. 

The high-altitude reconnaissance balloons in that mission were used to observe things like nuclear and chemical trails. At high altitude. Another thing. Those things could be remnants of some rocket experiments. There is also a small possibility that the U.S. military sent some satellite into orbit. Before the NACA (today NASA) sent the Explorer 1 satellite to orbit. President Kennedy denied that the military had no right to send anything into space. 

That means. All. Rockets that. The military sent must have had an empty upper stage. That denied them reaching orbit. The problem was simple. The reconnaissance satellite. That. The Soviet Union didn’t know about could uncover many Soviet secrets. The other thing was that. Failure. With Explorer 1. On a TV show 

It could mean the end of a responsible engineer's career. It’s possible. That. Some of those second stages were not empty. Those engineers needed training for the orbital operations. Nobody wanted to fail in front of TV cameras. 

There is a possibility.  That those systems traveled into space with so-called dummy cargo like water balloons. Or. Maybe those systems were Mylar balloons. Similar. With Echo-satellite. Those balloons could reflect radio waves. And if those balloons are filled with hydrogen. They could rise to the edge of the atmosphere. We must remember. Echo satellites. Those satellites were only Mylar balloons that transmitted important data from Soviet radar signals. 

There is also the possibility of using the Mylar balloons as an ASAT weapon. The ball is filled with hydrogen and oxygen. The structure could involve water or metal balls. When. Those balls are detonated. Water will be released. To the upper atmosphere, forming ice. In this model. The researchers hoped to create ice that drops. An aircraft or destroy a ballistic missile. That. Kind of experiment. It could be the thing behind those objects. 

Well, what those points in the film really were. We can never find out. We can deliver alien theories. Or maybe. There was something more usual. Could there be some errors in the film negative that Palomar used? That could be one explanation.   

https://bigthink.com/13-8/a-study-claimed-ufos-visited-earth-in-the-1950s-then-scientists-checked-the-math/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396668467_Aligned_Multiple-transient_Events_in_the_First_Palomar_Sky_Survey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligned,_Multiple-transient_Events_in_the_First_Palomar_Sky_Survey#Rejection_of_preprints_by_arXiv

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_George

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Echo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Genetrix

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossroads

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sandstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy

Interstellar objects and exoplanet hunting.

“Interstellar object ʻOumuamua sped up as it approached the Sun, shooting past at 196,000 mph (315,431 km/h) and then slowing down as it moved away” (Astronomy, Why aren’t free-floating planets captured when they fly past stars?)

Stars could capture a rogue planet. But that is not as common as many people think. When a planet enters another solar system, it must release its kinetic energy. And rogue planets have a massive amount of kinetic energy. If. That object arrives in the solar system too steeply. its fate would be the star in the middle of the solar system. If. The angle is too shallow. That exoplanet travels straight through the solar system. 

The star could capture a rogue planet if it has the right angle and the right speed. This means that the star should travel behind the planet, following its trajectory. The gravitational brake will slow the planet’s speed. And if that planet arrives in the solar system at the precise right angle. It can start to orbit that star. Things. Like 3/Atlas and other interstellar asteroids. They follow the same rules as larger rogue planets. 

"NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope has successfully powered up its 300-megapixel Wide Field Instrument, a massive infrared camera built to scan huge areas of the sky while preserving Hubble-like detail. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Roman Telescope Opens Its 300-Megapixel Eye on the Universe)

In reality, we can see only large exoplanets. That. Orbit M-type red dwarfs. 

When we ask whether aliens can see Earth. If. They have similar technology. To. That we have. We can rephrase that question. Can we see an Earth-type planet that orbits its star in the habitable zone? The answer is that a G-spectral-class star is so bright. Its shine. It covers an Earth-type planet. Under its brightness. In planet hunting. Astronomers use methods that benefit from the planet's transit. When. A planet comes between Earth and its own sun. That. Affects the star’s brightness. 

If. The star is small enough. The large exoplanet can affect its trajectory. The wobbling trajectory caused suspicions that Barnard’s Star had exoplanets. Most exoplanets that we know are large. They orbit dim and light stars. And we cannot see Earth-like planets that orbit. Bright stars. The case is similar to Betelgeuse. The brightness of the center star. It covers. The. Dimmer companion under it. Betelgeuse is one of the most well-known stars in the sky. The B-type companion star was confirmed in 31.72026. 

Before astronomers can confirm the existence of the exoplanet. They. Must rule out other possibilities, like changes in the star’s own brightness. Another method astronomers can use is looking for holes in planetary nebulae around stars. Large exoplanets form holes in that nebula. But those nebulae surround only young stars. That method is not suitable for long-distance observations. Things like IR telescopes could see planets through dust and ice. The big problem is that stars also warm dust. 

The surface area of the interplanetary nebula is larger than a planet. And the IR telescopes see that dust. But that dust covers the planet under its IR glow. We can get direct images only from the closest exoplanets. And that requires that they orbit a red dwarf. The reason.  For why. We can see Planets like Proxima B. It is that. They orbit red dwarfs. Those dim stars are dim enough that sensors can measure changes in their brightness. The fact is that. We can’t see a planet that orbits Alpha Centauri or a brighter star. When. A star shines through the exoplanet's atmosphere. That. Allows astronomers. to. make a spectral analysis of the planet’s atmosphere and its chemical fingerprint. This works only with dim stars. That don’t outshine those exoplanets with their brightness. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/could-aliens-detect-earth-with-our-current-planet-hunting-techniques/

https://www.astronomy.com/science/why-arent-free-floating-planets-captured-when-they-fly-past-stars/

https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2611/

https://scitechdaily.com/i-jumped-from-my-chair-astronomers-discover-a-hidden-star-orbiting-betelgeuse/

Gravitational lensing can uncover dark matter.

“Artist’s impression illustrating how wave-like density patterns produced by ultralight dark matter could warp space and alter the path of light from a distant source. As the light travels past the lensing object on its way to Earth, it follows a distorted path shaped by the surrounding mass distribution. The reflective sphere symbolizes the still-unknown nature of dark matter. The image was created using 3D computer graphics software. Credit: Amruth Alfred.” (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter May Behave Like Waves and a Distant Quasar Could Prove It)

Distant quasars can prove that dark matter acts like waves. And if the mythical WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. That explains gravitational waves. This means that the graviton is a WIMP. That missing graviton boson is just the traveling quantum-sized black hole. This means that. When. Those quantum-sized black holes travel through the universe. They bind energy from around them. And that can explain why gravity is so special. 

Dark matter can bend light. And that can make it possible to see the WIMP. Dark matter is a mystery. It is a gravitational effect with an invisible source. Some galaxies seem to have less dark matter than others. That tells us dark matter can be denser in some areas. And less dense. In some other areas. How dense could those dark matter nebulas be? Nobody knows. Could dark matter form black holes in a very dense energy field? It should. 

Have the ability. To form a black hole. If. Dark matter particles interact through gravity. They should. Have the ability. To form black holes. The black hole doesn’t just pull matter inside it. Its energy also pushes particles away.  So if WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are quantum-sized black holes. Their halos could have a stronger push effect. Compared. With the event horizon size. than so-called “regular” black holes do. 

The only fact that reseachers know about that strange phenomenon is this. Dark matter. Has gravitational interaction with visible matter. There are. Many things that dark matter could be. In some visions, dark matter is a particle. 

Inside some other particle. And if the particle spins very fast. That spin forms the quantum vacuum around the particle. 

When quantum fields from around the particle try to fill that point. That. Increases the pull of the particle’s gravitational field. When wave movement travels through that microvacuum. That microvacuum stretches it. Its wave movement becomes longer. 

Another version of that model is that Dark matter could be quantum-sized black holes. 

There is also a model. That dark matter is the cosmic minivacuums. Those microvacuums form when very high-energy particles travel outside the galaxy. When. Those particles travel out from the galactic halo. 

They suddenly go into a very low-energy space. This makes them release energy very fast. That forms a cosmic microvacuum. This acts like a particle. 

If. Particles like photons or electrons form outside the galaxy supercluster. They travel faster than they can travel in the supercluster. They release their energy into the plasma. That connects galaxies in the supercluster. And that forms the radiation. 

In some other models, dark energy and dark matter are connected to the universe’s expansion.

There could be a denser plasma wave at the outer border of the universe. That plasma formed when the Big Bang sent an energy wave into the universe. When. That energy wave traveled through space. There formed whirls in that energy. Those whirls turned into the first electrons and later quarks. 

Today, the expansion of the universe forms similar but lower-energy whirls behind that borderline of the universe. There. Could be cosmic microvacuums just inside the plasma wave. And when particles go into that microvacuum, they evaporate. 

If. We think that most of the matter in the universe is at the outer border of the universe. So. The border of the universe is heavier than the internal areas. If. Most galaxies are in that border. 

That means the border sends energy into the universe’s internal areas. There, that energy reflects. And pushes the outer border outward. If the outer border of the universe. Particles also escape from the universe. In that case, those particles also evaporate. They send radiation. And subparticles back to the universe. Those particles impact the universe’s borderline. And they travel faster. Than. They should. 

When those particles impact the universe. They. Must release their kinetic energy. This forms Cherenkov radiation in the universe. That radiation forms when quarks or some other particles hit the border of the universe. The same thing happens inside the plasma wave. But. When a particle evaporates inside that plasma wave. All energy and subparticles can escape from the universe only through that plasma border. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-may-behave-like-waves-and-a-distant-quasar-could-prove-it/

CERN didn’t find evidence of quantum-sized black holes.

“The LHC has ruled out another hiding place for microscopic black holes while unveiling a new way to hunt for physics beyond the Standard Model. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“Physicists at UC Santa Barbara have pushed the search for microscopic black holes at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) into new territory.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“These hypothetical black holes would be extraordinarily small and short-lived. If they could be produced at the LHC, their existence might help physicists address some of the deepest unanswered questions about spacetime and gravity. The search also gave researchers a chance to test a new technique for finding rare and previously unknown particles.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

Could those quantum-sized black holes be the gravitons? And the induction question is: could those mythical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) be the same quantum black holes? 

Reseachers probably saw one WIMP in deep underground sensors. If. A WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. That explains why that particle can tunnel itself through everything. The extremely high-energy halo can push those particles through quantum fields away from the route. 

In some models, those quantum-sized black holes can be inside every single particle. That has mass. In those models, quantum-sized black holes form quarks around them. So, if that is right. The quantum pressure keeps those black holes in their form. When. Those quantum fields that we call elementary particles vanish. That. Causes immediate destruction. Without. Quantum pressure. That black hole evaporates immediately. 

“Physicists searching through Large Hadron Collider data found no evidence that the machine has been producing microscopic quantum black holes, but the result sharply narrows where such exotic physics could still be hiding. These hypothetical black holes could form if extra spatial dimensions make gravity much stronger at extremely tiny scales, potentially offering clues toward the long-sought theory of quantum gravity.” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

This means that CERN and the LHC couldn’t create those quantum-sized black holes. One reason could be. Those collisions. And the energy. That formed in them. it. Wasn't symmetrical enough. This means. The impacting particles, like protons, couldn’t compress quarks into quantum-sized black holes. This could explain why. The LHC could form those interesting miniature black holes. 

Another possibility was that the proton-proton collisions formed quantum-sized black holes. But those black holes evaporated so fast. The measurements were impossible. The thing that could make those hypothetical quantum-sized black holes visible is the situation. 

That. The black hole could pull a little bit of energy into itself. That thing makes it possible to measure energy.  That. The black hole releases energy when it evaporates. If. That evaporation happens very soon after the black hole's formation. This thing causes a situation. That evaporating black hole releases as much energy as it bound. That means. That. The black hole could be very hard to detect. 

That evaporation seems like a regular quark collision. The black hole turns Visible. If. It stores enough energy. That. It releases during that process. If that quantum black hole forms in quark-gluon plasma. That black hole must be in an extremely dense environment. The black hole’s energy must be higher than the energy level in its environment. This makes the sensor detect the evaporation. So the black hole needs a little bit of time. To pull more energy into it. Than it had when it was born. 

When a black hole evaporates, it could send X-rays or gamma rays. That kind of radiation could uncover those black holes. But it’s hard to separate it from radiation that comes from those high-energy experiments. 

That makes. It reaches a higher energy level than it had in quark-gluon plasma. The problem is that. If. Those quantum-sized black holes exist. They send gravitational waves. Those waves are very weak. And they remain only when those quantum black holes evaporate. There is a theory. That. Maybe gravitons are those hypothetical quantum black holes. This is one of the most interesting theories in physics. Small black holes can explain dark energy. There is a possibility. That. Near galaxies, energy and matter. 

Along with quantum pressure. Can keep those quantum black holes in their form. When. Those hypothetical black holes escape from the galactic halo. They evaporate. That explanation could seem very strange. But it could explain why we cannot see dark matter. Quantum-sized black holes can explain. Why can't we see dark matter? If dark matter is made of quantum-sized black holes. They could be invisible. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/09/260922005649.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the universe's shape explain dark matter?

If we think of visible matter, or the visible geometry of the universe, as a disk. Round plate or ball. Galaxies and most of its matter are at the edge of this structure. This means that the edge of the universe is at a higher energy level than its inner structure. That means It’s hard to see matter that is “behind us”. In those models, the universe is a round structure. Galaxies. And other visible matter is mainly in the ring or ball around that larger structure. If we are in that plasma ring, the rest of the universe is hard to see. The model is like we are in a cloud. And anyway, our own galaxy, stars, and the plasma halo in the galaxy. 

They disturb observations. This means. Our own galaxy covers lots of things, even between galaxies. And if we are in the giant plasma ring that surrounds the entire universe. That means energy or wave movement also travels in the middle of the universe. There, it reflects. And that makes the universe act a little bit like a giant vacuum bomb. The universe is full of macro- and micro-scale structures. 

And all of those structures send wave motion. Those waves have the same wavelength. 

As. Their sender’s size or diameter is. This means that the universe is a very complicated structure. Full of substructures. And that forms another conclusion. The mistake with dark energy. It can be that. Reseachers thought that this energy is uniform. Dark energy can be multiple different waves with different wavelengths. When. Particles like free quarks, other fermions, and bosons evaporate. They send waves that travel at the speed of light. When. A gravitational wave leaves the supernova. Exploded two billion light-years ago. The gravitational wave reaches us two billion years after the explosion. The reason why we cannot see the Big Bang is this. Photons. That event sent. Travel ahead of us. We cannot see photons from behind. 

We can see reflected photons. Or photons coming into our direction. When the Big Bang sent photons. Those photons travel through space. There is nothing. That can reflect them. This means that those photons cannot reach us. But if we someday see one photon. That is from the Big Bang. That means it reflected outside the universe. 

In the same way, there is a model. That dark energy could be the same as dark matter. 

When lower-energy waves hit the galactic halo. Lower-energy waves. Pull that halo toward it. Dark energy can form in particles. That have a very low energy level. When those particles evaporate, they send wave movement into their environment. That wave movement can have a higher energy level than the environment it travels through. But the wave can have a lower energy level than the galactic halo. Most known galaxies are in so-called local galaxy clusters. 

Galaxy clusters, or local clusters, form superclusters. This means there are multiple plasma layers with multiple energy levels. The halo around galactic superclusters has a lower energy level than the halo around galaxy clusters and individual galaxies. The superclusters form megaclusters. 

So that means the energy level of the wave that impacts those plasma structures. They can have a higher energy level than the plasma around galaxy superclusters. So the same energy can push galaxy superclusters. But pull local clusters. This means.  If. The energy wave's energy level is lower than the energy level in the halo surrounding a galaxy. That wave cannot pass the galaxy halo. The same way a wave can travel through the energy that surrounds a galaxy megacluster. This means that the wave has a higher energy level than the plasma halo around the megacluster. But its energy level can be lower than in a subcluster. 

Another thing. What makes calculations hard is recoil. When particles evaporate, they send photons or wave motion. That. Wave movement. And photons cause recoil. So at the far edge of the universe. Particles evaporate very fast. In. Cosmic vacuums or voids. Particles evaporate very fast. Energy always travels to a lower-energy environment. This means that A recoil is asymmetrical at the edge of cosmic voids or at the edge of the universe. That recoil pushes harder toward the outside of the universe. We see a complex interaction that includes low-energy radiation. Recoil and waves that left billions of years ago. 

Magnetars and photons.

“A Swinburne astronomer may have just confirmed one of the quirkiest aspects of quantum mechanics: Space that seems empty can alter the behavior of light. Credit: NASA.” (ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

The big problem is that. Magnetars pull particles around them. And that means that. Space around those light neutron stars is not empty. Space is not empty at all. There is dust and particles. Along with quantum fields, those things can affect light. More strongly. Than we can even imagine. 

The magnetar is a very bright object. The energy that magnetars release in seconds matches the energy that the Sun releases in 250000 years. A magnetar forms a pulsar. It is so bright. Its brightness covers the nebula around the magnetar. The effect is similar. 

We see a bright lamp in fog. The brightness of that light covers the fog below it. We see light but not fog around it. 

“Astronomers studying one of the most magnetic objects in the universe have found some of the strongest evidence yet for a bizarre effect predicted by quantum physics nearly 90 years ago. The finding suggests that a powerful magnetic field can change the way light travels through a vacuum, even when no ordinary matter is present.”(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“The phenomenon is known as ‘vacuum birefringence.’ It emerges from quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory describing how light and charged particles interact. Werner Heisenberg and Hans Euler predicted the underlying effect in 1936, proposing that what appears to be Space can behave differently when exposed to an extraordinarily strong magnetic field “.(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, giving a complete account of matter and light interaction”. (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

“In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities. Like. The anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. Ch1  : It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics. However, the prediction of vacuum zero energy made by QED has a 10^120 magnitude difference. Compared to the experimentally observed value. This is called the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe.” (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

Magnetars are the most powerful magnets in the universe. These extremely strong magnetic objects show that magnetic fields affect light. The extremely strong magnetic field forms a structure. Their waves make the field denser at some points. Those fields also trap ions in their magnetic lines. And those things can affect the course of photons. The problem with magnetars is their form as neutron stars. 

The main problem is how to separate gravitational and magnetic effects. And then particles that those fields collect.

Into them. They can also cause changes in photons’ trajectories. All gravitational objects pull gas and dust around them. This means it’s hard to separate gravitational and scattering effects. From. Each other. 

The magnetic field and gravitational field trap particles around those objects. The magnetic field can sort electrons and protons along the magnetic force lines. Their field is denser. This means that the magnetar sorts particles with an electric charge. In a form similar to how iron powder aligns around regular magnets. This means it is hard to see. 

If. Changes in photon trajectory. Caused by the magnetic field itself. Or do those changes happen because of changes in the particle volume? If. There are denser particle fronts in the magnetic field. That can also cause the change in the light trajectory. Strong magnetic fields can also form standing waves. That can affect the trajectory of light. When light travels in wave form. There is a possibility. That. Those waves can affect the photon trajectory. An extremely strong magnetic field can also heat gas. And ions become very hot. Ions and anions follow magnetic fields. But neutral gas follows the gravitational waves. 

That forms friction, and friction forms radiation. And that radiation can change photon trajectory. Another thing that can change the photon trajectory. It is another photon. Magnetars and their close environment send X- and gamma rays. That radiation forms in whirling gas. That high-energy radiation can change the photon's trajectory. But can a magnetic field affect light? That can happen because of another field. That means that when a magnetic field pulls another field into it. That other field can affect photons' trajectory. And, of course. Magnetar’s strong gravity. It can itself affect photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/empty-space-may-not-be-empty-after-all-magnetar-reveals-a-bizarre-quantum-effect/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

Quasistars, or black hole stars. Could they explain? Heavier-than-hydrogen particles formed? In the young universe?

“Stars (left) can be thought of as a dense ball of gas powered by nuclear fusion at their centers. Black holes (center) typically grow by consuming matter via a pancake-like accretion disk. Black hole stars (right) represent a new kind of object — nascent black holes enshrouded in dense gas. Such. That they effectively radiate in a star-like manner. The accreting black hole, as the power source, plays the role of nuclear fusion, and the dense surrounding gas acts similarly to a pseudo-photosphere.” (MIT News, Astronomers discover a brand-new type of astrophysical object: A black hole star)

A new explanation for “Little red dots” at the dawn of time is that they are so-called black hole stars. The JWST telescope discovered those distant objects. And now astronomers suggest that those dots could be black hole stars. Astronomers found an object called MoM-BH*-1 that is so-called black hole star. Often also known as a quasistar. The quasistar is a little bit like a quasar. In that formation, black holes pull matter inside them symmetrically. 

This means a quasistar looks like a giant red giant. This kind of formation forms when a particle cloud symmetrically surrounds a black hole. That forms a structure. That looks like a star. But its size is enormous. Material flows into that structure, forming flows. They make hydrogen atoms impact each other. This flow forms fusion in that massive and weird structure. 

Could it be possible? That. Those little red dots could be quasistars or black hole stars. Could form first. Heavier-than-hydrogen elements. In the very young universe. In this model, those little red dots formed fusion. That made heavier atoms in the hydrogen universe. This model introduces that the first black holes formed. 

Straight. From radiation. Or from some collapsing bubble. That pulled hydrogen atoms close to each other. This formed a gravitational center. That formed the black holes. 

Anyway. The key question is always. Which formed first? Particles or black holes? If particles formed first. Did those first black holes form from quark-gluon plasma? Any particle with mass can form a black hole. And there is a small possibility. That the guoballs. 

Gluonic matter can explain the first black holes. In a very young universe, the energy level was very high. That energy can turn gluoballs into a stable form. When the energy level decreased, gluonic balls evaporated. Those balls formed cosmic vacuums. And then other particles fell into that microvacuum.

“Astronomers have discovered a “black hole star,” an extremely bright red spot in the early universe that appears to be a new type of astrophysical object. It resembles an enormous star. But its energy production is closer to what a black hole might generate. Credits: Image: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT”. (MIT News, Astronomers discover a brand-new type of astrophysical object: A black hole star) 

This is impossible in the modern universe. But in the past. Those black hole stars could be quite common. But then the universe lost its density. Quasistars lost. There is suspicion that Spica or Stephenson 2-18 could be black hole stars. 

Maybe. Quasistars could form in the modern universe. This requires that the black hole form in the center of the interstellar nebula. And that can bring a new interesting idea about those little red dots. Could those very interesting objects in the dawn of time form

In the extreme heat plasma just after the Big Bang? This means those little red dots are the glowing embers. From. The Big Bang. Maybe the first objects that transformed hydrogen into heavier elements were those quasistars. The fusion reaction in material vortices in the quasistars formed heat and pressure that enabled fusion between impacting hydrogen atoms. Maybe. Those little red dots formed heavier elements that made our universe possible.  Quasistars or black hole stars could explain how protons and electrons formed matter. Turn into heavier elements than hydrogen. 

https://news.mit.edu/2026/astronomers-discover-brand-new-type-astrophysical-object-black-hole-star-0812

https://www.science.org/content/article/behold-glueball-strange-new-form-matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Dots

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoM-BH*-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star