The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

"Artist’s impression of exoplanet GJ 1132 b and its host M-dwarf star. Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital, CfA"

"JWST confirms GJ 1132 b lacks an atmosphere. This challenges the habitability of planets around M-dwarfs."

(ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere. And that causes some kind of re-estimation of the habitability of the M-type stars. Those M-type stars have violent eruptions that can raise the temperatures of their entire solar systems. Those solar systems are always quite small, and if the planet is in the habitable zone, that means it's locked because of tidal forces. 

The GJ 1132 b is almost a so-called hot Earth. That means there might not be a lifeform. But another question is, can we escalate those observations to other red dwarfs? Red dwarfs, or M-spectral class stars, are not all similar. Some of them are more active than others. 

If the planet is very young, that can explain the lack of atmosphere. The volcanic activity can explain the smoke or fog around the exoplanet GJ 1132 b. Or that slightly larger than Earth exoplanet can pull solar wind from its star, GJ 1132, an M4-type red dwarf, around it. This means the planet’s gravity pulls the gas that the red dwarf sends around it. And if the GJ 1132 b has a magnetosphere that pulls plasma around it. This means G J1132 b borrows its atmosphere from the star GJ 1132. 

The M-6 spectral Class star Proxima Centauri is under the influence of Alpha Centauri, and that means Alpha Centauri A and B’s star wind can affect Proxima Centauri and blow its atmosphere away. Or the gravitational effect of the bigger parts of this triple star system’s larger participants. Can pull the Proxima Centauri atmosphere off. The reaction can go like this. 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1132 b – which now should be updated given its definitive lack of atmosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt" (ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

"Comparison of best-fit size of the exoplanet GJ 1132 b with the Solar System planet Earth, as reported in the Open Exoplanet Catalogue of 2015-11-14.  Open Exoplanet Catalogue (2015-11-14). Retrieved on 2015-11-14." (Wikipedia, GJ 1132 b)

Radiation from a binary star made the red dwarf shine brighter. That made M-star blow its atmosphere larger. Then the gravity and solar wind blew that material away. Some M-stars are more active than others. There are many variables that determine if a planet can have an atmosphere. If the red dwarf is very young, that means it's more active than older red dwarfs. Another thing is this. Planet formation is similar around red dwarfs as it was in our solar system. The planet that forms around M-type stars must have time to freeze.

The difference between M-stars and spectral class G-stars is that red dwarfs formed from a more mature nebula than G-stars. Those interplanetary nebulae formed when stars exploded as novae and supernovae. That means there are more heavy elements in the red dwarf system than in the G-type star systems. That means, there could also be more radioactive isotopes in those planets than in G-type stars’ planets. This could cause an effect. That some of those rocky planets are hotter than they should be. But that is hard to prove. 

The red dwarf could also form in a binary star system when the star’s heliospheres touch each other. That can cause the small star forms in that whirl. There is also a possibility that a red dwarf travels around space, and some bigger star traps it into its gravity field. The red dwarf can also steal planets from bigger stars' solar systems. If they travel close to the distant planets of the larger stars, those red dwarfs can take those planets to orbit around themselves. 

They can also trap rogue planets in their gravity field. There is a possibility that the Proxima Centauri planets originally orbited Alpha Centauri. Then Proxima trapped them in orbit around itself. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-solves-the-mystery-earth-like-planet-gj-1132-b-has-no-atmosphere/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

Researchers found the second Earth-size planet in the habitable zone of the TOI 700 system.

"Newly discovered Earth-size planet TOI 700 e orbits within the habitable zone of its star in this illustration. Its Earth-size sibling, TOI 700 d, can be seen in the distance. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt" (ScitechDaily.com/NASA Planet Hunter Discovers Second Habitable, Earth-Size World in TOI 700 System)

The light exoplanet must be at a longer distance from its star, than the heavy exoplanet that liquid water can exist on its surface. The weak gravitation decreases boiling temperature. And that means the distance to the central star must be longer in the case of weak gravitation planets than in strong gravitation planets. 

If we think that liquid water is the only requirement for life, we must realize that a weak gravitational field decreases the boiling temperature. That means a light exoplanet's habitable zone is at a longer distance from its central star, than a heavy exoplanet. 

So lightweight exoplanet that is quite far away from its star can host life. And heavy exoplanet must be closer to its star so that liquid water can exist on its surface. 

TOI 700 is a red dwarf star in the Dorado constellation, about 101,4 light-years from Earth. The remarkable thing is that the red dwarf has two Earth-size exoplanets in the habitable zone. And that thing causes re-estimation about the descriptions of planets. The TOI 700 system is an extremely compact-size system. 

The TOI 700's surface temperature is about 3000-3500 celsius. And its habitable zone is much thinner than the Sun's habitable zone. So two Earth-size exoplanets in the habitable zone mean those exoplanets are orbiting their star almost by the same trajectory. This is one of the most interesting details about the TOI 700 system.  

We believed that two planets cannot orbit their star by following the same trajectory. But the TOI 700 has shown that two planets might be almost at the same orbiter. That means that also bigger stars can have similar exoplanets. 

The gravitation, not the planet's size, determines if there is liquid water. 

When we search for exoplanets and especially habitable exoplanets. We are facing one thing. There are lots of larger rocky planets than Earth. But some of those exoplanets are lighter than Earth even if they are over 2 times bigger than Earth. 

There are no heavy elements in those exoplanets' mantle or core. And that means their gravitational field is weaker than Earth's. Even their size is bigger. And that is one of the most interesting details in searching for life. 

A weak gravitational field decreases the gas pressure and boiling temperature. 

The exoplanet GJ 436b is a heavy exoplanet. Its gravitation pulls water to ice on its surface. So that thing gives the nickname "world of burning ice for GJ 436b  But there could be an opposite case about the GJ 436b. 

The opposite case could be the lightweight exoplanet that orbits quite far away from its sun. A long-distance allows water could be liquid even if the gravitation is weak. On light exoplanets, the boiling temperature is lower than on heavy exoplanets. 

So if we think only the liquid water the habitable zone of lightweight exoplanets is at a longer distance than heavy exoplanets' habitable zone. And that thing makes this a very interesting thing. 

https://futurism.com/the-strangest-exoplanet-ever

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-planet-hunter-discovers-second-habitable-earth-size-world-in-toi-700-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI_700

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

There is found two probably habitable planet's near our solar system.

The research team, which operates in the Canary Islands found two earth-mass planets near our solar system. Those planets are orbiting red dwarf GJ or Gliese 1002 in the habitable zone. And that thing is one of the most remarkable things in astronomy. The distance to that star is 15,8 light years. So that star is almost our neighbor. 

The surface temperature of that "M" spectral class star is about  3,024 K or 2,751 °C. That means it's far colder than the sun. Even if those planets are close to their star, the radiation of that star is weaker than the Sun. 

The habitable planets near red dwarfs are possible. If there is lots of water on the planet clouds are cooling their atmosphere. Same way as the night side of the locked planet is very cold. And monsoon winds that formed because of the differences in temperatures are also decreasing the temperature on the planet. 

Super-Earths and habitable zones. 

The term "super-earth" means a rocky planet that is larger than Earth. But the planet's size doesn't mean its gravitation is stronger than Earth's gravitational field. The elements that are forming planets determine the strength of the gravitation. And there are known exoplanets that size is two times Earth, but their gravitation is just over 0,6 times Earth's. So the planet is lighter than Earth. 

There must also be smaller-than Earth, metal-rich planets than Earth. But their gravitational fields are stronger. If a small planet involves lots of heavy metals, its gravitational field can be stronger than Earth's. 

Also, if the sea covers the entire planet, that can cause a situation. That winds travel around the planet. That thing can cause that friction turns the atmosphere's temperature very high. In the case of water planets, the wind can continue even for millions of years. And in that case, the long-term friction. Even if that is weak can have massive consequences. 

In a strong gravitational field, gravitation turns water to ice. Also, even a thin atmosphere is turning very dense. 

Because gravitation pulls gasses to the planet's surface in an extremely strong gravitational field, and in extreme pressure, even gasses are turning solid. That kind of planet where the atmosphere is in solid form cannot host any lifeforms. But in gravitational ice could theoretically live 2D worms. 

There is planet Gliese- or GJ 436 that hot ice is covering. The gravitation of that planet is so strong, that water cannot vaporize. 

But normally, or in most scenarios. Liquid water and a stable atmosphere are a requirement for lifeforms. And the planet must somehow tie gasses around it. So the planet must have a magnetic field that pushes star wind away from its atmosphere. Or those ionized particles will blow the atmosphere away from the planet. 

If the planet's gravitational field is weak, the atmosphere will turn very huge. But for a stable atmosphere planet must also have a magnetic field. That denies star wind blowing the gas away from the planet. And that means the planet must have a nucleus in liquid form. 

If the planet's gravitational field is strong, it causes the water's boiling temperature is turning higher. And if the planet's gravitational field is weak, it decreases the boiling point. So if the planet's gravitational field is weak, the water turns to vapor or its density decreases. That means water in very weak gravitation is not in the same form as it's on Earth. 

https://scitechdaily.com/two-potentially-habitable-earth-like-planets-discovered-around-a-star-near-the-sun/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_436_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_1002

Images: https://scitechdaily.com/two-potentially-habitable-earth-like-planets-discovered-around-a-star-near-the-sun/