Magnetars and photons.

“A Swinburne astronomer may have just confirmed one of the quirkiest aspects of quantum mechanics: Space that seems empty can alter the behavior of light. Credit: NASA.” (ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

The big problem is that. Magnetars pull particles around them. And that means that. Space around those light neutron stars is not empty. Space is not empty at all. There is dust and particles. Along with quantum fields, those things can affect light. More strongly. Than we can even imagine. 

The magnetar is a very bright object. The energy that magnetars release in seconds matches the energy that the Sun releases in 250000 years. A magnetar forms a pulsar. It is so bright. Its brightness covers the nebula around the magnetar. The effect is similar. 

We see a bright lamp in fog. The brightness of that light covers the fog below it. We see light but not fog around it. 

“Astronomers studying one of the most magnetic objects in the universe have found some of the strongest evidence yet for a bizarre effect predicted by quantum physics nearly 90 years ago. The finding suggests that a powerful magnetic field can change the way light travels through a vacuum, even when no ordinary matter is present.”(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“The phenomenon is known as ‘vacuum birefringence.’ It emerges from quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory describing how light and charged particles interact. Werner Heisenberg and Hans Euler predicted the underlying effect in 1936, proposing that what appears to be Space can behave differently when exposed to an extraordinarily strong magnetic field “.(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, giving a complete account of matter and light interaction”. (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

“In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities. Like. The anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. Ch1  : It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics. However, the prediction of vacuum zero energy made by QED has a 10^120 magnitude difference. Compared to the experimentally observed value. This is called the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe.” (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

Magnetars are the most powerful magnets in the universe. These extremely strong magnetic objects show that magnetic fields affect light. The extremely strong magnetic field forms a structure. Their waves make the field denser at some points. Those fields also trap ions in their magnetic lines. And those things can affect the course of photons. The problem with magnetars is their form as neutron stars. 

The main problem is how to separate gravitational and magnetic effects. And then particles that those fields collect.

Into them. They can also cause changes in photons’ trajectories. All gravitational objects pull gas and dust around them. This means it’s hard to separate gravitational and scattering effects. From. Each other. 

The magnetic field and gravitational field trap particles around those objects. The magnetic field can sort electrons and protons along the magnetic force lines. Their field is denser. This means that the magnetar sorts particles with an electric charge. In a form similar to how iron powder aligns around regular magnets. This means it is hard to see. 

If. Changes in photon trajectory. Caused by the magnetic field itself. Or do those changes happen because of changes in the particle volume? If. There are denser particle fronts in the magnetic field. That can also cause the change in the light trajectory. Strong magnetic fields can also form standing waves. That can affect the trajectory of light. When light travels in wave form. There is a possibility. That. Those waves can affect the photon trajectory. An extremely strong magnetic field can also heat gas. And ions become very hot. Ions and anions follow magnetic fields. But neutral gas follows the gravitational waves. 

That forms friction, and friction forms radiation. And that radiation can change photon trajectory. Another thing that can change the photon trajectory. It is another photon. Magnetars and their close environment send X- and gamma rays. That radiation forms in whirling gas. That high-energy radiation can change the photon's trajectory. But can a magnetic field affect light? That can happen because of another field. That means that when a magnetic field pulls another field into it. That other field can affect photons' trajectory. And, of course. Magnetar’s strong gravity. It can itself affect photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/empty-space-may-not-be-empty-after-all-magnetar-reveals-a-bizarre-quantum-effect/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

Magnetars form interesting visions about the stars.

The difference between a magnetar and a neutron star is only weight. The lightweight neutron stars are called magnetars. Light neutron stars' structure causes their magnetic field to be stronger than a heavier neutron star. 

The X-ray emission around neutron stars is an interesting phenomenon. X-ray emission around magnetar forms when particles with high energy levels hit the material around them. 

The strength of that emission depends on debris around the neutron star. Young neutron stars form stronger X-ray emissions than old ones. The reason for that is, there is more supernova debris around them than old neutron stars. 

A strong magnetic field accelerates particles to extremely high speeds. And when those particles hit particles around them they cause high-energy radiation. Also when particles fall to the neutron star's the impact energy forms high-energy radiation. 

Magnetars are lightweight neutron stars with magnetic fields that are extremely strong. The magnetar's shell spins faster than a heavy neutron star's shell. The thing that forms a neutron star's magnetic field is the neutron star's shell spinning speed according to its inner structures. 

So neutron stars are acting like extremely fast-spinning generators. The new magnetar has no atmosphere at all. The article below this text says; "the polarization at low energies is telling us that the magnetic field is likely so strong to turn the atmosphere around the star into a solid or a liquid, a phenomenon known as magnetic condensation".  (ScitechDaily.com/“Completely Unexpected” – Scientists Discover a Magnetized Dead Star With a Solid Surface)

The gravitation is also one of the reasons why neutron stars have no atmosphere. The gravitation smashes gas to a solid form on its shell. But the interaction between neutron stars and their environment is much more complicated. Than only gravitational and electromagnetic interaction. There is more about those interactions later in this text. 

But there can be many or at least a couple of reasons for that. The magnetic field of a magnetar is very powerful even in comparison with other neutron stars. And the difference between that magnetic field's north and south poles is much higher than Earth or some other planet. 

When things like water molecules hit to magnetar's shell. A strong magnetic field will rip ion bonds into pieces. Also, centripetal forces on the magnetar's surface are very strong. So ions start to travel to magnetar's poles, and there the high power electron radiation pushes those ions away. This is the reason why neutron stars have no atmosphere. 

The interaction between neutron stars (also magnetars are neutron stars) is more complicated than just the electromagnetic interaction. The gravitational field of neutron stars is massive. And that also causes a situation where the gas turns solid. 

But also electromagnetic interaction is powerful. The spin of magnetars is extremely high. It's almost 430000 rpm. So the centripetal force on the shell of that object is also powerful. Fast spin is one of the reasons why modeling the interactions between neutron stars is so hard to model. 

https://scitechdaily.com/completely-unexpected-scientists-discover-a-magnetized-dead-star-with-a-solid-surface/