Magnetars and photons.

“A Swinburne astronomer may have just confirmed one of the quirkiest aspects of quantum mechanics: Space that seems empty can alter the behavior of light. Credit: NASA.” (ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

The big problem is that. Magnetars pull particles around them. And that means that. Space around those light neutron stars is not empty. Space is not empty at all. There is dust and particles. Along with quantum fields, those things can affect light. More strongly. Than we can even imagine. 

The magnetar is a very bright object. The energy that magnetars release in seconds matches the energy that the Sun releases in 250000 years. A magnetar forms a pulsar. It is so bright. Its brightness covers the nebula around the magnetar. The effect is similar. 

We see a bright lamp in fog. The brightness of that light covers the fog below it. We see light but not fog around it. 

“Astronomers studying one of the most magnetic objects in the universe have found some of the strongest evidence yet for a bizarre effect predicted by quantum physics nearly 90 years ago. The finding suggests that a powerful magnetic field can change the way light travels through a vacuum, even when no ordinary matter is present.”(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“The phenomenon is known as ‘vacuum birefringence.’ It emerges from quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory describing how light and charged particles interact. Werner Heisenberg and Hans Euler predicted the underlying effect in 1936, proposing that what appears to be Space can behave differently when exposed to an extraordinarily strong magnetic field “.(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, giving a complete account of matter and light interaction”. (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

“In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities. Like. The anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. Ch1  : It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics. However, the prediction of vacuum zero energy made by QED has a 10^120 magnitude difference. Compared to the experimentally observed value. This is called the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe.” (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

Magnetars are the most powerful magnets in the universe. These extremely strong magnetic objects show that magnetic fields affect light. The extremely strong magnetic field forms a structure. Their waves make the field denser at some points. Those fields also trap ions in their magnetic lines. And those things can affect the course of photons. The problem with magnetars is their form as neutron stars. 

The main problem is how to separate gravitational and magnetic effects. And then particles that those fields collect.

Into them. They can also cause changes in photons’ trajectories. All gravitational objects pull gas and dust around them. This means it’s hard to separate gravitational and scattering effects. From. Each other. 

The magnetic field and gravitational field trap particles around those objects. The magnetic field can sort electrons and protons along the magnetic force lines. Their field is denser. This means that the magnetar sorts particles with an electric charge. In a form similar to how iron powder aligns around regular magnets. This means it is hard to see. 

If. Changes in photon trajectory. Caused by the magnetic field itself. Or do those changes happen because of changes in the particle volume? If. There are denser particle fronts in the magnetic field. That can also cause the change in the light trajectory. Strong magnetic fields can also form standing waves. That can affect the trajectory of light. When light travels in wave form. There is a possibility. That. Those waves can affect the photon trajectory. An extremely strong magnetic field can also heat gas. And ions become very hot. Ions and anions follow magnetic fields. But neutral gas follows the gravitational waves. 

That forms friction, and friction forms radiation. And that radiation can change photon trajectory. Another thing that can change the photon trajectory. It is another photon. Magnetars and their close environment send X- and gamma rays. That radiation forms in whirling gas. That high-energy radiation can change the photon's trajectory. But can a magnetic field affect light? That can happen because of another field. That means that when a magnetic field pulls another field into it. That other field can affect photons' trajectory. And, of course. Magnetar’s strong gravity. It can itself affect photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/empty-space-may-not-be-empty-after-all-magnetar-reveals-a-bizarre-quantum-effect/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

Can we accept? That there are galaxies without dark matter.

“This Hubble image shows the stars of ultra-diffuse galaxy DF9, along with a series of background objects, mostly galaxies, located at much greater distances. DF9 makes almost a perfect line, at least in two-dimensional space, with previously identified dark matter-free candidate galaxies DF2 and DF4, suggesting, but not proving, a possible association."

"Credit: M.A. Keim et al., Hubble Space Telescope/ESA/NASA, Astrophysical Journal, 2026” (BigThink, Is it finally time to take dark matter-free galaxies seriously?)

The reason. Why ultra diffuse galaxies? Spin differently than they should. It can be in their formation. The galaxies have only a couple of stars. Normally, those galaxies involve more dark matter than usual. And some of the ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDG). Formed almost entirely of dark matter. Dark matter keeps those galaxies in their form.  But there are UDGs without dark matter. 

This means that there must be a weaker electromagnetic interaction between stars than usual. Or the spin of the galaxy is slow. The question is. What is the dark matter's role as a wave transporter? We know that wave. It cannot move in an absolute vacuum. So, is dark matter some kind of “ether”? Things that can transport wave movement. But itself be unseen? Or is there interaction between dark matter particles? And could that energy be the mythic dark energy? That means. Dark energy could have its source in dark matter. 

There are four possible galaxies. There seems to be no dark matter. Those galaxies. If they have no dark matter. That doesn’t prove dark matter non-existent. They prove that dark matter is matter like all other matter. It could be oscillating superstrings. When those superstrings move. They could form small whirls. That acts like materia. But the galaxy without dark matter supports a model. That dark energy source is in dark matter. And dark matter could have a particle form. 

The galaxy without dark matter seems very rare. The only known force that interacts with dark matter. It's gravity. The galaxy without dark matter suggests that there must be another force. That should transport dark matter away from the galaxy. The galaxy without dark matter. Tells. That. Dark matter should form similar structures to visible matter. Or at least dark matter should form some kind of nebulae in the universe. The idea that dark matter is not homogeneously spread. 

The universe is interesting. The point. There is no dark matter. That is interesting. If the only thing that affects dark matter is gravitation. The gravitational center. It should pack dark matter around it. But a galaxy that has no dark matter. Causes thoughts. That may be dark energy has its source in dark matter. Dark matter. It could have a similar evaporation process to visible matter. If dark matter has a particle form. It should have a similar evaporation process. 

As visible particles. This means that dark matter. It should send a wave movement. And another particle that this wave motion can affect is another dark matter particle. When we think about particle interactions. There are a couple of things that make interaction visible. The interaction must affect a large enough area. It can push the receiving particle. The interaction must stand. As long as it can affect another particle's behavior. 

But then what makes a particle visible? That is the size of the particle. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that a particle sends is the same as its diameter. This means. Particles must transmit radiation or wave motion. In wavelengths that we can see. If the size of those hypothetical dark matter particles. It is far different than well- or less well-known particles. That means. We cannot see that particle. The visible particle. It must send. Some radiation is between gamma rays and radio waves. Or it must send gravitational waves. That position in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is unknown. 

The problem with dark matter is this. Nobody has seen that matter yet. Dark matter is predicted to form in the same Big Bang as visible matter.  But it’s only a theorem. It’s possible that dark matter is formed in a different stage of the Big Bang than visible matter. This causes an interesting idea. 

******************************************************

Key Takeaways

Less than a decade ago, the first allegedly dark matter-free galaxy, a dwarf galaxy on the outskirts of the NGC 1052 group (NGC 1052-DF2) was identified: a seemingly faint, massive, ultra-diffuse galaxy.

An enormous controversy then erupted, as different methods of measuring its distance led to vastly different estimates of its velocity dispersion, which led to vastly different implications for its internal amount of dark matter.

We’re now up to four seemingly dark matter-free galaxies, but three of them are all in the same location: the outskirts of the NGC 1052 group. Are these truly dark matter-free galaxies? Or did we simply get their distances grossly wrong?

(BigThink, Is it finally time to take dark matter-free galaxies seriously?)

******************************************************

What if dark matter or most of dark matter formed just before visible matter? That thing could explain dark energy. That means. Outside the universe and galaxies could be structures. That's like the Oort Cloud. The brightness of galaxies. That can cover those structures below it. 

This means that. The dark matter surrounds the universe like the Oort cloud surrounds the solar system. Those clouds could cause gravitational interaction. That pulls the entire universe outward. If there is no resistance outside that hypothetical dark matter disk. 

The model is that. The disk surrounds the universe. And orbits it. That means it could pull energy from the universe faster than it should. The reason for that is this. The universe. It's the only higher-energy object in this disk. The space outside that “Universe’s Oort Cloud”. It is at a lower energy level. That causes a reaction. There, that disk delivers that energy into outer space. 

The inner layer of that hypothetical disk. It is at a higher energy level. And its outer layer is in a lower energy level than the universe. This causes a situation. There, the energy travels straight through that material disk. Because energy travels in one direction. That energy pushes the material disk away. And that pulls the universe and its edge behind it. In some models. There is a plasma shockwave that surrounds the universe.

“The distance from the Oort cloud to the interior of the Solar System, and two of the nearest stars, is measured in astronomical units. The scale is logarithmic: each indicated distance is ten times as far out as the previous distance. The red arrow indicates the projected location, in 2025–2027, of the space probe Voyager 1, which may reach the Oort cloud about 300 years later. “ (Wikipedia, Oort cloud)

Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. (Wikipedia, Oort cloud)Those images introduce how large it is. That Oort cloud is. And it’s possible. That is the galaxies and the universe. That structure. It could be far larger than galaxies and their halos. Or it could be larger than even the universe. 

Maybe the energy minimum. In that plasma ring or plasma bubble. It is. A little bit higher than inside and outside it. Outside that plasma wave. That energy minimum is lower than inside the plasma ball. This thing causes energy to flow out from the universe. And could there be a similar effect around the galaxies? The energy vampire. Very low energy objects. That surrounds galactic halos. These kinds of objects. That orbits the galaxy. They can also pull energy out from that halo. And then transfer it out of that structure. 

This plasma bubble is similar to the heliopause. But its size. It is far larger. Similar plasma bubbles. They surround each galaxy. That causes an idea. That maybe. Dark matter could be positioned. In the bubbles that surround galaxies. If the matter is, or just outside those bubbles. And its energy level is lower than the energy level of the galaxy. That matter will pull energy into it. And if that energy continues its journey. That will not be seen in the plasma bubble. 

Those bubbles cause reflection. That reflects radiation back to the galaxy and the universe. This reflection causes. That we cannot see dim objects and dim matter that is between galaxies. So, in this model, the difference between energy minima is. In and outside the universe. That is the thing. That causes the universe's expansion. 

Could that thing explain? Why can't we see Planet 9? 

And by the way. The reason. For. Why can't we see Planet 9? It can be just outside the heliosphere. If Planet 9 exists, and it’s at a lower energy level than the shockwave that forms at the point. The particle flow from the sun. Impacts particles that come from other stars. If that planet’s energy level or temperature is lower than this plasma's. That plasma’s shine. Covers that planet’s existence. 

If energy travels to that planet. But its reflection cannot enter the solar system. Because. It's too weak. It cannot travel through that plasma bubble. Because the plasma bubble’s energy level is higher than that of reflection. That thing means that. The reflection from that hypothetical planet simply cannot reach the telescope on the ground. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-matter-free-galaxies/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy

Largest spinning structure in the universe. And gravitational waves can help to understand dark energy and dark matter.

“A figure illustrating the rotation of neutral hydrogen (right) in galaxies residing in an extended filament (middle), where the galaxies exhibit a coherent bulk rotational motion tracing the large-scale cosmic web (left). Credit: Lyla Jung” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover One of the Largest Rotating Structures Ever Seen in the Universe)

Researchers found the largest spinning structure in the universe. Those kinds of structures are interesting. The spinning neutral hydrogen binds energy as all other particles. When neutral hydrogen slows, it releases its wave movement. 

They can explain dark energy. And dark matter. Those structures can store lots of energy when they spin. And when their spin speed decreases. Those giant megastructures. Can release the energy that they stored during the spin. So the question about dark energy and dark matter is simple. What puts energy into motion? 

And what mass makes the mysterious gravitational effect? That we call dark energy. There is one silly thought in my mind. And could the hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) neutrinos. That spins at a higher speed. Than. Other neutrinos. Anyway. We can think. Dark energy can form in WIMPs. That can change their rotation speed. 

When a WIMP accelerates its rotation, it binds energy. When WIMP slows down, it delivers energy. Because nobody has seen WIMP, but some interactions tell. That dark matter can have. Some other interactions. Than just the gravitational. So, could WIMP be the neutrino that changes its spin and direction? 

When neutrino beams travel through the stars, it can cause a situation. Where energy fields. Exist around stars. Starts to fall into that star. That energy will make those stars glow. The neutrinos can also collide. Those collimations can cause energy impulses around the universe. 

All particles are an energy form. If some particle decays or energy turns into particles, that releases and binds energy. That means that. Dark energy and dark matter can form. When the Schwinger effect. Or, wave-particle duality. Turns energy into particles, and particles turn into energy. Energy is another name for the wave movement.

“New theoretical work suggests that the faint ripples produced as small black holes spiral into larger ones could quietly expose the invisible structures surrounding galactic centers. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Waves Expose Hidden Dark Matter Around Black Holes)

Gravity waves and X-ray bursts. Tell about black holes. 

Gravity waves uncover hidden dark matter around black holes. That gives a tip. That maybe high-energy X- and gamma rays can interact with those dark matter particles. The idea is that if those very high-energy dark matter particles. Or weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs are particles, and the intense X-rays and gamma-rays can put those particles in spin faster than other WIMP particles. 

That can mean that. Those particles can be heavier than outside the black hole’s radiation. This can cause an effect that we see. As the form. Of stronger gravitational waves. Than somewhere else. The intense X- and gamma-rays can also interact strongly than usual. This means that those radiation types can also affect particles. That do not usually interact with electromagnetic (EM) radiation. X-rays and gamma-rays. They are also connected with the weak nuclear interaction. 

So that causes the thought. That may be. Things like unusually high-energy neutrinos can also. It has something to do with the gravitational waves around black holes. When the speed of those particles accelerates. Particles bind fields. While. The particle’s spin slows down. Particles deliver their energy as radiation. This means that there is a small possibility that the neutrino can be the hypothetical graviton. 

Or if a hypothetical tachyon particle exists, it slows down before sensors can see it. And maybe it decays into a photon and a neutrino. There is also a possibility that. Maybe. Black hole’s gravitational field. And virtual redshift transforms hypothetical Hawking radiation into the X-rays and gamma-rays. The idea is that. The massive gravitational field stretches radiation. Also, fields. That travel to the black hole pushes back to radiation and particles. That forms massive waves in the points where waves and particles impact. 

But those things are not so easy to prove. The massive gravity stretches all kinds of radiation. This means that, originally, X-rays and Gamma-rays could have been other types of radiation. The X-ray burst’s origin. It is in the black hole. During X-ray and gamma-ray bursts, the black hole’s gravity stretches radiation before it can escape. From the black holes. Maybe some other radiation. That which has shorter wavelengths is transforming in massive gravity and field interactions into gamma- and X-rays. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://scitechdaily.com/decoding-the-universes-most-violent-explosions-new-data-on-x-ray-bursts/

https://scitechdaily.com/gravitational-waves-expose-hidden-dark-matter-around-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can we ever create a Theory of Everything?

 Can we ever create a Theory of Everything? 

"One of the most popular efforts toward a Theory of Everything is string theory, where the Lie Group E8 x E8 is shown here: one realization of 10-dimensional superstring theory. The number of particles, fields, interactions, and dimensions that must be removed to keep the predictions of this overarching framework consistent with what we observe in our Universe is overwhelming, and represents more than 95% of the theory's general predictions." (Big Think, The argument against the existence of a Theory of Everything)

Can we ever create a Theory of Everything? The answer is that the thing requires long-term observations from interstellar and intergalactic space. When we are in the middle of the system, it’s impossible to see the global entirety. We see local entirety, but we cannot see the entire or global scale. In the system. To see the entire system, we must step outside it. We cannot see global phenomena in the universe. In the same way, we cannot see an object’s place if we see the object's speed. So we cannot measure a particle’s place. And the momentum. 

That is a big question. And the answer is that the Theory of Everything, TOE, requires that researchers know every single actor in the universe. That means that we must have knowledge of the internal structures of atoms. We must also have knowledge of the wave movement interactions and behavior at all scales of the universe. That means we must expand our knowledge very much. If we want to make a formula. That introduces all interactions from gluons to galactic superclusters. The biggest problem is this. We don’t have knowledge of what happens in interstellar space. 

All information that we get from space outside the solar system is distorted. That means. Information that we get travels across the heliopause, asteroid belts, and then through the solar wind that travels against it. That thing causes an effect on that information, and we can say that this information is dirty. When information travels into the Milky Way from other galaxies, that information travels through the Milky Way’s own radiation layers.  Another thing that can cause problems with measurements is things that we cannot see, such as typical objects. Maybe. Our star is not as typical a G-2 star as we want to believe. The solar system. Where we live is actually between the Milky Way’s spiral branches. The local group there is a certain type of actor that might have a unique structure. That means rare objects can form almost homogenous groups, but those objects might not be typical on a global scale. 

**********************************************************

"Top: Diagram of the heliosphere as it travels through the interstellar medium:"

"Heliosheath: the outer region of the heliosphere; the solar wind is compressed and turbulent"

"Heliopause: the boundary between the solar wind and interstellar wind where they are in equilibrium."

"Middle: water running into a sink as an analogy for the heliosphere and its different zones (left) and Voyager spacecraft measuring a drop of the solar wind's high-energy particles at the termination shock (right)"

"Bottom: Logarithmic scale of the Solar System and Voyager 1's position." 

(Wikipedia, Heliosphere)

**********************************************************

That means there is less gas and dust around our solar system than around stars that are in spiral branches.  Otherwise, there are fewer stars around the sun than around stars that are in the spiral branches. There is also a possibility that the Milky Way and its companion galaxies are in the cosmic void. That means Milky Way. And their companion galaxies have  lots of cosmic dust from their environment. This means that the dust and gas around those galaxies, and especially around their black holes, might be denser than researchers believed. But otherwise, gas and dust outside galaxies and dwarf galaxies might be thinner than researchers thought. And the other thing is that. The interactions can be far different from what nobody expected. 

If galaxies are in the cosmic plasma bubbles. The energy or wave movement that impacts the plasma bubble causes a situation. The plasma sends energy into that bubble. The bubble focuses energy. Into the middle of the bubble. That forms a standing wave where those energy impulses reflect. The universe is a large place. There can be lots of particles and quasiparticles that cause unexpected reactions. Quasiparticles can act like real particles. And another thing is that radiation, or wave movement. With extremely long wavelengths, they can look like straight waves. 

And those waves can act like thermal pumps. There is a possibility that some wave movement has two wavelengths. Extremely short wavelength. That acts like some kind of snake. That wave movement can act like a thermal pump. Things like energy tornadoes in the energy fields can transport energy. Out of that field. And that forms the situation. That kind of structure in the universe acts like virtual gravity. 

Can the so-called cosmic hum explain something about the nature of dark energy?  

When the Voyager probe crossed the Heliosphere and entered interstellar space, it found the cosmic hum. The radio waves that cannot cross the heliopause. The plasma wave that forms when solar wind impacts particles that come from other stars. There is almost certainly a similar impact wave around the Milky Way galaxy. So there can be wave movements. 

A wavelength that cannot come through that impact wave. That explains why dark energy affects only large-scale structures. That means there can be many types of wave movements that we cannot see. There can be plasma balls around galactic clusters, galactic megaclusters, and even the universe can have some kind of plasma wall in its outer layer. 

This means each of those plasma balls can absorb some wave movement. We always thought that dark energy was one. Homogeneous entirety.  Maybe dark energy has multiple wavelengths. If dark dwarfs destroy dark matter and turn that thing into dark energy, the same thing can happen outside galaxies in cosmic voids that can exist between galaxies. Maybe dark matter particles. The cosmic voids. At a hypothetical level in research, they impact each other. And those impacts send a wave movement. 

When we think about the cosmic voids. And their relationship with things like black holes and dark matter, those voids can rip black holes apart. The same thing can rip visible material in pieces. But if dark matter has only interaction with dark energy and other dark matter particles, there can be a cosmic dark matter void. Those “dark voids” are not dark energy or dark matter. It could be invisible to us. That kind of void can rip dark matter in pieces. 

So when we think about the role of the cosmic voids. In the structures that we know as the Universe, we must ask what made those bubbles. Things like the Boötes void formed when some energy impulse whipped matter and possibly also energy out from that point. The energy impulse caused the shockwave that formed those voids. Or something annihilated material out of the cosmic void. Those cosmic voids can play a bigger role in energy movements. That we have ever imagined. The cosmic void is the thing that could put energy into motion. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/argument-against-theory-of-everything/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The universe, its particles, and quantum fields.

"New research suggests that collapsing stars may serve as natural laboratories to uncover hidden neutrino behavior, with potential implications for the birth of black holes and neutron stars. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, The Universe’s Most Elusive Particles Might Be Talking to Themselves)

Wave-particle duality (WPD) means that particles can turn into energy and vice versa: energy or energy fields can turn into particles. WPD means that particles are only the denser points in the quantum fields. The fact is that the particles require quantum fields for their existence. Without those quantum fields, there is no resistance that can push particles into their form. And that means if we take quantum fields out, energy flows away from particles, ripping them into pieces. And that turns particles into wave movement or quantum fields. Dark energy can form in some sub-particle structures that are too small to detect. 

But anyway, if a particle goes out from the universe, it turns into a wave immediately. And that makes it hard to detect anything outside the universe. The temperature outside the universe is unknown, but it's lower than 3K radiation or Planck radiation. It might be lower than the thermal minimum in the universe. And if that energy level is lower than the thermal minimum, 0K or -273.15C. That means energy can travel only out of the universe. That makes it impossible to observe things outside the universe. 

The most elusive particles in the universe can play an important role in neutron star and black hole formation. 

Neutrinos are almost massless particles. Their interaction with other particles is very weak. And that makes them travel through planets without touching anything. But today, researchers noticed a new interaction between neutrinos. That means a neutrino can interact with other neutrinos. And that makes those elusive particles more interesting than they were before. When a neutrino travels through objects, it takes some part of the quantum fields with it. That means those quantum fields transfer energy to the neutrino when it travels through them. 

Can the gravitational version of the Meissner effect be possible? In that gravitational Meissner effect, gravitational waves act like electromagnetic fields in the Meissner effect. And can this kind of effect also explain why neutrino interaction is so weak? The case where EM-fields travel past the particle that turns them denser than that thing allows the particle tunnel itself through walls? So is the spin of the neutrino so fast that a similar effect to the Meissner effect can make it almost weightless. If a neutrino hovers in an EM-pocket, it's hard to detect. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner-effect) Tc=Temperature Critical. Could there be a similar critical level to gravity?

In the theoretical model, the gravitational waves in extremely dense, fast-spinning particles can act in the same way as electromagnetic fields act in the so-called Meissner effect.  That theoretical phenomenon can be called the gravitational Meissner effect. Or the antigravity. 

If the gravitational Meissner effect exists, that thing can make gravitational levitation possible. The idea is that the fast-spinning particle can turn into a quantum-sized black hole. And that thing makes it possible that gravitational waves travel past the particle. The gravitational Meisner effect can explain some details about black holes. Radiation that travels past those objects closes them inside the radiation bag. So the thing that makes black holes special is that regular and quantum gravity are connected in them. The fast-spinning, extremely dense objects can create a situation where they don't let gravitational waves travel through them. That thing can make the gravitational Meissner effect possible. 

When a neutrino beam travels through the star, that thing can act like airflow that travels through rooms. The neutrino beam takes energy with it. And that decreases the temperature in the star's core. That thing can cause a very dangerous situation when the energy level decreases in the star’s core and the route of the neutrinos. When the energy level decreases, that means the energy that can resist gravity turns lower. And that neutrino beam can cause situations that start to explode sooner than it should. When the energy level decreases, that means the star's outer layers start to fall to its core, and that can cause extreme peaks in the energy production. 

Can a neutrino be the thing that glues quantum and regular gravity together? The idea in quantum gravity is that some kind of radiation or small particles that travel through the particles turns them cold. When something takes energy away from an object, outgoing energy tries to replace that energy. That movement continues until energy levels inside and outside the object are at the same level. In some models, the spin of particles binds quantum fields to them. 

That means particles turned those fields into kinetic energy. The energy that the particle binds pulls other particles to that thing. So, theoretically, a quantum-sized black hole requires that the spin of the particle turns so high. 

When large and dense groups of particles spin, they bind lots of energy into them. Without that spin, that particle’s existence ends. The question is, where do particles put the energy that they store? The outside quantum field pushes structure into its form. If that quantum field turns too weak relative to the structure, the energy that comes out from the structure destroys it. The question is, could the extremely fast-spinning quantum black hole emit gravitational radiation past it? That causes an interesting question about the gravitational Meissner effect's existence. If that Meissner effect's gravitational version exists, that means the gravitational levitation can turn into reality.   

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/quantum-fields-quantum-particles/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universes-most-elusive-particles-might-be-talking-to-themselves/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

 

Cold material clouds near the center of the Milky Way can open new paths to cosmology and physics.

"High-resolution observations of the Milky Way’s Fermi bubbles have revealed dense, cold hydrogen clouds embedded within a superheated outflow, indicating that these colossal structures formed in a rapid, recent event. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, “Impossible” Cold Clouds Discovered in Milky Way’s Heart Challenge Astronomical Theories)

New observations about cold material clouds near the Milky Way’s center are challenging astronomical theories. Or maybe they tell more about conditions in those extreme areas than anybody expected. The Milky Way center is a very high-energy area. That means the material should be hot near Sagittarius A. When researchers find something very cold near that supermassive black hole there is a possibility that something simply pulls or pushes energy through that material. 

If things like quarks or something similar small, weakly interacting particles travel through material that thing can cause the effect that those neutrinos, etc. will transport energy out from that material. So something acts like a thermal pump. 

And there is a small possibility that dark energy is the thing that turns those material clouds into cold. If we think about the cases of dark dwarf stars near the center of the Milky Way. Collect dark matter and make them impact or annihilate, those particles can send so much dark energy that it pushes visible energy out from those cold material clouds. 

"An artist’s depiction of the relative sizes of the sun, a low mass star, a brown dwarf, Jupiter, and the Earth. Sizes are to scale, but distances are not. Credit: Jupiter: NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (NASA, GSFC). Sun and Low-Mass Star: NASA, SDO. Brown Dwarf: NASA, ESA, and JPL-Caltech. Earth: NASA. Infographic: NASA and E. Wheatley (STScI)" (Phys.org, Dark matter could create dark dwarfs at the center of the Milky Way)

The dark dwarf can collect so much dark matter, that the impacts of dark matter. Or, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs happen so often that they send so much dark energy that it creates visible interaction between dark and visible material. If that is true of the dark matter particles, WIMPs’ impacts are the source of dark energy. And maybe that thing can change our view of dark matter and dark energy. 

Dark matter interaction through gravity is a well-known thing. That means gravity centers pack dark matter around them. The gravity centers like Sgr A* are the ultimate objects in the universe. That kind of ultimate gravity center can collect and pack dark matter into such a dense form that impacts between those particles happen so often, and they can create visible interaction with other objects and particles. This means that dark matter and dark energy also have some electromagnetic-style interactions with visible material. The only known interaction is gravitational. 

But the “shine” of visible material covers that interaction with it. Things like dark dwarfs are very dense objects that can collect the dark matter and its radiation into them. And there is a possibility that there is a dark dwarf near the center of the Milky Way that gets its energy from dark matter. The dark dwarf is the massive object that formed when a brown dwarf used up its fuel. This dark dwarf location near Sgr A* is also special. The dark dwarf pulls dark matter around it the another dark matter flow that Sgr A* pulls to it impacts that dark matter whirl. That causes impacts or even annihilation that turns dark matter very hot. 

And the ultimate high energy that Sgr A* sends can also interact with those WIMP particles. The model goes like this: the dark matter particles, hypothetical WIMPs, are so small that they send so short-wave radiation that we have no ability to observe that radiation. That means the dark energy can be a wave movement outside the gamma-rays. And if that is true it can open new visions for cosmology and space research. 

https://nasaspacenews.com/2025/07/dark-dwarfs-the-cosmic-clue-that-could-reveal-dark-matters-secrets/

https://phys.org/news/2025-07-dark-dwarfs-center-milky.html

https://scitechdaily.com/impossible-cold-clouds-discovered-in-milky-ways-heart-challenge-astronomical-theories/

Hunting the fifth force.

"Physicists are pushing the boundaries of the Standard Model by investigating the possibility of a fifth fundamental force using ultra-precise measurements of calcium atoms. By comparing subtle energy shifts in isotopes, researchers hope to uncover signs of new physics that could help explain the universe’s hidden mass. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Close In on the Fifth Force That Could Unlock the Mystery of Dark Matter)

Researchers search for the fifth force. The fifth force can be the thing that we know as dark energy and dark matter. There are four known interactions or forces in the universe. Those forces are gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong nuclear interactions, or, forces. There is a possibility that the fifth force is the opposite of gravity. So that causes a question: can there be material without the fifth force? 

That fifth force can be the mirror-gravitation. Normal gravity has only pulling ability. And that means the fifth force can have only a pushing effect. There is a model that the color charge, or, using other words, we can say quantum colors can have similar interactions with the fifth force. 

The quantum color between gluons in the strong interaction can open the fifth force to us. That means there should be something that causes the repelling effect between quarks. The model goes like this. If we use the weak interaction as a model we can say that there are two gluons between quarks just like there are W and Z boson pairs between protons and neutrons. That gluon pair creates the quantum low pressure between those quarks. When those gluons orbit each other they simply harness energy fields into them. And then they transfer that energy into the quarks around them. That electromagnetic low-pressure can be the quantum gravity, or gravitational quantum dots. And the quantum gravity model goes like this: the gravity forms of the quantum dots and those quantum dots are entirely called gravity centers. The number and density of those quantum dots determine the strength of gravity. 

“Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue. Additionally, there are three "anti-colors", commonly called anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue. Unlike electric charge, color charge is never observed in nature: in all cases, red, green, and blue (or anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue) or any color and its anti-color combine to form a "color-neutral" system. For example, the three quarks making up any baryon universally have three different color charges, and the two quarks making up any meson universally have opposite color charges.” (Wikipedia, Color charge)

(Wikipedia, Color charge)

"An animation of the interaction inside a neutron. The gluons are represented as circles with the color charge in the center and the anti-color charge on the outside." (Wikipedia, Color charge)

“Quarks have a color charge of red, green, or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states that are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. “ (Wikipedia, Color charge)

When a quark takes enough energy it releases that energy as wave movement. That means the fifth force is the force that destroys the atoms. There is a possibility that somewhere is a force that interacts directly between quarks without gluons. Or there is also the possibility that quarks can repel gluons. And what happens if quarks push gluons away from their position? 

Can quantum color hide the fifth force? In quantum chromodynamics, CQD quarks and gluons have a so-called quantum color. Gluons can have one of three quantum colors blue, red, and green. Anti-quarks have opposite quantum colors anti-blue, anti-green, and anti-red. The strong interaction is the interaction between quarks and gluons. The gluon is the boson that connects the quarks together. And transmits the strong nuclear force. The gluon’s color charge is a little bit different from the quark’s color charge. 

The gluon’s color charge is a superposition of the quantum color and anti-color. The green and anti-green for example cannot form gluons, or they cannot exist in the same gluon.. So gluon has two heads, for example, blue and anti-green. So the quark is blue-antigreen. As you see in the diagram below. When we see that the blue quark emits the blue-antigreen gluon we can ask if the fifth force release happens in that process. 

This is why the strong nuclear interaction is also known as the color force. That color is similar to the electromagnetism in electrons. That means the quantum color is one thing that keeps quarks in their entirety called hadrons. In traditional models, the atom’s core and electron shell interactions are described as a whole. There is a possibility that the neutron’s interaction with electrons is different from that of protons. That means a neutron sends some kind of energy impulse to the electron and pushes it away. That means some of those quantum colors can interact with electrons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-close-in-on-the-fifth-force-that-could-unlock-the-mystery-of-dark-matter/

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/particle-physics/content-section-6.2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

What makes a black hole's gravity field so strong?

Above: A gravitational lens is a situation where the gravity field changes the direction of light. 

Black holes spin very fast. That spin conducts energy inside it. And black hole is like other gravity centers. It moves energy fields inside it. That makes the black hole so powerful. A black hole grows when it can bind quantum fields inside it. Spinning particle turns fields that bind into kinetic energy. When an object spins it binds energy in it. 

And it must harness or take that energy from somewhere. When an energy field is bound in some object, that means there must come other energy to fill that "hole". That thing creates a whirl that expands all the time. The outcoming energy field presses particles into a black hole or other gravity centers. And that outside energy keeps a black hole in its form. 

The thing. That makes a black hole's ultimate gravity field is the combination of electromagnetic shadow. And outcoming energy field. 

That shadow forms when particles like electrons, quarks, and finally photons orbit a black hole in the point called the event horizon. 

The outcoming energy field pushes those particles to the event horizon. 

When a black hole's mass rises it forms. A larger energy field around it. That forms a larger whirl. Because higher energy fields can interact over longer distances. When a black hole spins it transports outside energy into it. And that energy transports particles into it. 

The ultra-powerful gravity field around the black hole forms in the combination of electromagnetic shadow and gravity field that travels inside the black hole. When a black hole is separated from that field it causes changes in its entropy. And that makes gravitational whirls behind its event horizon. Differences in the strength of the outcoming energy field make the quantum points in the event horizon.

That makes energy travel horizontally in the black hole. In the event horizon energy travels mainly vertically straight into its core or into the center of the event horizon. But there is small turbulence in that thing that forms entropy. The entropy forms when those energy strings jump back when they impact each other in the middle of the black hole. But the energy level in those strings is not the same. And that causes wave movement in the black hole. 

That means. There is more energy. That presses the particles against that point. If that pressure is off those particles will fly away. The outcoming energy keeps a black hole in its form. In some theories, supercivilization can control the black hole closing it in the ball that denies its energy interaction. That causes an explosion. Or it pulls the event horizon outward and that increases entropy. That entropy detonates a black hole. 

"Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium." (Wikipedia, Gravitational field)

 A black hole is the ultimate gravity field. We see only the event horizon. The point where escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light. Or we cannot see the event horizon itself. We can see the point that is just ahead event horizon. In event horizons, the photons orbit the structure that is the most incredible that we can imagine. That point freezes information into it. 

If we are sharp, we can say that the event horizon is the point where photons start to orbit the gravity center. At the front of that point is the area where other particles like electrons and protons orbit that thing. So, there are circles around black holes there are particle groups like planets, molecules, protons, neutrons, and free quarks and finally photons can take stable trajectories. 

When a black hole pulls fields through those particles that thing pumps energy to them. That is one version of time dilation. When the energy level of those particles turns high enough they send energy waves. The event horizon is not a precise point. The photons that are trapped in it can have different energy levels. That makes them send wave movement. 

The outcoming energy field forms the shadow at the front of the particle. The black hole's gravity field is a combination of electromagnetic shadow and traveling fields that move everything with it. 

So, we normally think that the event horizon is the black hole's shell. But that's only the point. Where the light cannot escape from that structure.  Behind that point is the unknown world where gravitational turbulence dominates the interactions. The thing that makes the gravitational field around black holes so strong is that there is a double effect. The black hole pulls fields inside it. Otherwise, we can say that it harvests energy from its environment. That traveling energy field transports particles into a black hole. 

But the thing that makes this gravity effect so powerful is that the black hole also pulls fields inside it. Those fields impact with particles that orbit the black hole at the point of its event horizon and just ahead of it. That thing forms the electromagnetic shadow behind those particles and photons. That combination makes the ultimate gravity effect in the black hole possible. In regular gravity fields the gravity center pulls fields inside it. That effect cannot form electromagnetic shadow into the structure. 

When we think that a black hole stretches information into a form that looks like spaghetti or string. That thing means that the black hole's gravity field is not coherent. A black hole presses material so much that it cannot turn denser or take energy inside it. So each of those spaghetti strings is separated. Energy travels between those strings. And that makes the chaos or turbulence. And that internal energy movement causes entropy. Those superstrings can conduct energy out from the black hole. And black hole's internal turbulence or entropy causes those gravity waves. 

https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2022/001/01FRKBDN5YKMM9ZMT5Q7TSN4RN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field

Gravity and entropy.

From the point of gravity model. The problem with this image is that. Both balls should have a pothole under them. Those potholes make energy travel between those objects. And that causes things like quakes in black holes. Energy that travels between gravity quantum points makes shockwaves around the entirety. 

Gravity fields form multiple gravity fields or sub-fields that form around individual quantum points. We see those things as entirety or coherent fields. But they form around multiple particles. That forms space and entropy in the gravity field. 

The problem with this image is that. Both balls should have a pothole under them. Gravity fields form multiple gravity fields or sub-fields that form around individual quantum points. We see those things as entirety or coherent fields. But they form around multiple particles. That forms space and entropy in the gravity field

Space between actors makes space in the gravity field. And that is the beginning of entropy. The actor that makes the gravity field is an elementary particle. And the gravity field that outsider sees. Is the sum of those actors' gravity. That thing means there is space between those fields. That space forms entropy. 

Quantum gravity means the electron's, quark's, and other particles' gravity field. The spin of the particle has a connection with its mass. The mass is conducted with gravity force. That means the gravity field's strength is the speed at which the particle transports or harvests energy inside it. When a particle harvests energy from its environment it transports the field inside it. That energy field transports other things with it. 

So time dilation forms when that energy impacts particles. That energy is like wind that transfers energy into those particles. That energy forms a quantum shadow that pulls particles with it. 

When we look at gravity fields, we might think that they are uniform. Gravity fields are not coherent. They form around multiple particles. The gravity field in the gravity center looks like whirls. Which means the gravity center is not monolithic. There are multiple gravity centers in the gravity field's center, so the gravity field is virtually coherent. When we think that mass, energy, and density are things that form gravity, we can make a model where the gravity field is like a whirl. When a particle starts to spin it bounds energy into itself. So black holes are only fast-spinning and very dense objects. 

When an object spins at a very high speed it forms an electromagnetic shadow or vacuum around its shell. Those shadows make the energy fields travel to that object. The dense object has smaller "hills" and "valleys" on its shell. Then less dense objects have. In this text, particle means single elementary particle like quark. The object means the group of quarks or other actors. 

The object can spin faster because it doesn't deliver as much energy into its space. The object turns into a black hole if it cannot deliver the energy that it harvests from its environment. So when the spinning object increases its energy level it will just harvest it from its environment. When an object spins faster and faster it forms an energy bubble around it and if energy that jumps out from the particle cannot cross that bubble it gets more and more energy. 

Energy in that bubble pushes particles or objects into denser and denser forms. So when the uneven things on the particle's or object's shell harvest energy into it, that thing makes a small channel through the energy field. And those things are things that form the gravity field. So we can make a model that gravity is the hole in the energy field. Those channels are like tubes or rubber hoses that turn closer and closer to each other inside the gravity center. They form a tight bundle that unites in the gravity center. There is always a small point in the ball there is no gravity. 

In the gravity field, every single object or actor has its own gravity field. That means gravity fields are multiple fields. Because the gravity field is not uniform or coherent that forms space in the field. And that space makes entropy. 

Quantum gravity has a connection with entropy. So, what does that mean in real life? That means the gravity field is not coherent. In gravity models, every single particle with mass has its own gravity field. So, gravity fields have multiple cores. Every particle in its entirety. Forms a gravity field around it. That gravity field can look like a whirl. That means there is free space in the gravity field. Those whirls interact with each other and that forms smaller and smaller whirls around those gravity fields. And those small whirls turn larger all the time. In that process, every single particle or actor in the gravity field transports a little bit of themselves to those whirls that look like fractals. 

 https://phys.org/news/2025-03-sneaky-clocks-uncovering-einstein-interacting.html

https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-gravity-einstein-entropy

Tachyon and time reverse.

Is tachyon particle in WARP-bubble? Or is it rather a phenomenon than a particle? Or is tachyon only wave motion that travels just behind neutrino or some other particle? 

There is the possibility that the hypothetical tachyon particle does not exist. Or time-traveling tachyon particles do not exist. 

It's possible. That all hypothetical tachyons are not transporting information back in time. Or even if those particles transport information to the past, that information cannot interact with other particles. In that case, the faster-than-light particles are traveling back in time, but they cannot send their information to other particles. 

The reason for that is linear spacetime model causes a situation where regular, slower-than-light particles are traveling forward in time. And the hypothetical faster-than-light particle is traveling back in time. So those particles are like in elevators where another particle is traveling down, and another is traveling up. 

If tachyons are traveling back in time there is the possibility that interaction between tachyons and other particles is so short that there is no time to detect that interaction. But if that thing is real and tachyons are traveling back in time. That forms a model where dark energy comes from tachyons. 

There is also the possibility that those hypothetical particles exist. But they just cannot interact with the material. So is the ability for interaction requirement for existence. 

There is the possibility that the hypothetical tachyon particle does not exist. Or time-traveling tachyon particles does not exist. There is also the possibility that those hypothetical particles exist. But they just cannot interact with the material. So is the ability for interaction requirement for existence. 

But the fact is clear nobody has seen tachyon yet. And maybe that particle does not exist. If tachyon exists that particle makes it possible to send information to the past. 

Proving the influence of that thing is very difficult. Because even if we send information the receiver must have the ability and be willing to follow that information. Then if that information causes some reaction. The past has always been to us. So it's hard to prove the success of that information transfer. 

And the reason for that is that. When in this hypothetical case, we send information to the past. The effect that this information cause is that the new reality replaces the old one. So the new reality stands from the point where that information is received. 

But that new reality has always been similar to us. So the reality is substance, and time and dimension are attributes. Two substances cannot share the same attribute. So there cannot be two realities at the same time. In the same dimension. And at one point in spacetime can be only one reality. 

But then we must realize another thing. If tachyons are faster-than-light particles they should be in the fourth dimension. So the shape of the tachyon in our third dimension could be the missing quantum-size black hole. The idea is that the tachyon's energy level is so high that it cannot interact with other materials. And that means it's out of our universe. 

Is tachyon particle in WARP-bubble? Or is it rather a phenomenon than a particle? Or is tachyon only wave motion that travels just behind neutrino or some other particle? 

In some models, a tachyon is a so high-energy particle that the quantum field around it forms WARP-bubble around that particle. That thing causes the situation where tachyon can travel faster than light. So in some models, a tachyon is only an electron or neutrino that's energy level is so high that it can travel faster than light in a short moment. Then that particle transforms into a photon and a Higgs boson. But there can be some kind of medium between the photon and the Higgs boson. So that means when the tachyon starts to interact it changes to some other particle. In that model, the tachyon is the particle with the lowest energy level in the fourth dimension. 

There is a couple of theories about the shape of the tachyon. 

*Tachyon does not exist as a particle. That means a tachyon could be some structure or phenomenon rather than a particle. So that means gravitons are particles with extremely high energy levels rather than fast-moving particles. 

*Tachyon could be flat or it's the bite of wave movement. So that means tachyon is not a particle in the form we know it. 

*In some theories tachyons are the same thing as gravitons. That means tachyons could be the source of gravitation waves. 

*In that model gravitational wave would be the channel that is forming when the tachyon travels in the universe. Or if the tachyon is the same thing as graviton gravitational waves are the tornado-shaped structure. That is forming in those quantum-size black holes. One of the most remarkable things is that graviton, tachyon, and quantum-size black holes are all hypothetical things. 

*Tachyon exists only in limited circumstances. That means tachyons could exist, as an example in black holes behind the event horizon. In some theories, a particle transforms into a tachyon when it crosses the event horizon. 

*Or in tachyon can form when some particles. Like neutrino is following some other particle that travels near the speed of light. In that case, the neutrino forms the cone where light can travel faster than other places in the universe. 

*There is a possibility that tachyons are forming in miniature voids in the universe. That thing means that when neutrino or some other particle travels in the void. And there is hitting wave movement that thing can form a situation where the neutrino's speed rises faster than it should. And that causes short-term crossing of the speed of light. And that time could be about zeptosecond class. 

*Tachyon could be the thing that is traveling inside particles or neutrinos. If the particle is like a whisk. And there is some other particle inside that cover-particle and that sub-particle moves ahead. That thing can form a tachyon. 

*So tachyon exists only short time. And that's why it's almost impossible to detect. In some visions, a tachyon is the forward-moving wave movement that leaves Higgs boson when its speed is slowing. 

*Tachyons can be a situation where the particles like photons or Higgs bosons spin in the direction where those particles are moving. That means tachyon is a rather phenomenon than a particle. 

But when we think of graviton as time traveling particle we face one remarkable thing. If we want to prove time reverse, we are in very big trouble. We must prove that information that we send changed something in history. But history always exists for us. And even if we change something in history, that thing always exists for us. So we cannot prove that we changed history. 

Albert Einstein predicted that tachyons allow transmitting information backward in time. The thing, that makes this problematic is that if we send information back in time. How can we prove that the information we send, caused some kind of effect? The past and its effect always exist on us. 

https://www.space.com/tachyon-time-travel-relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry

https://anewtonsapple.blogspot.com/