The mystery of FRB:s.

"Scientists at the SETI Institute have advanced the understanding of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) through detailed observation of FRB 20220912A with the Allen Telescope Array. Their research, uncovering new properties and behaviors of these cosmic signals, highlights the ATA’s unique role in FRB studies and contributes significantly to the field of astrophysics."

FRBs:s or fast radio bursts are extremely high energy radiation bursts in radio wave frequency. In some models, the high-energy material that releases its energy very fast is the reason for those mysterious radio bursts that remain less than a second. The source of FRBs is mysterious, but sometimes the FRB is connected with magnetars and their super powerful magnetic fields. 

Manetars are low mass nautron stars. That makes their shell rotate their core at extremely high speed. In some models, the shell of magnetars can be over the vacuum. And that thing makes those small neutron stars rotate faster than more massive neutron stars. In neutron stars rotating shell that rotates the core forms the massive generator. 

If there is a small vacuum under the magnetar's shell that allows it to rotate hyperfast. It explains magnetars powerful magnetic field. There is neutron liquid under the magnetar shell, and it's possible. This liquid touches the shell of a magnetar. And it forms the FRB. 

In those cases, there seems to be a connection between FRB and fast X-ray bursts. There is a possibility that a very light neutron star called magnetar sends radiation bursts to some magnesite or iron atoms. And then those iron atoms release their extra energy as radio waves. Those iron bites can be in asteroids that orbit those neutron stars. But many other possibilities can form powerful radio bursts. 

Image 2: Neutron star's structure. 

In some models, the radio burst from some other neutron star, black hole or magnetar hits some other neutron star. In that case, the extremely powerful gamma, X- or radio wave hits the magnetars or neutron stars. And that thing is the launcher for FRB. 

In some other models the radiation from pulsar traps iron into the radiation beams. When that radio wave hits those iron- or some other metal bites it raises that metal's energy level. And then sooner or later those hyperenergy elements fall to the neutron star, or their energy level rises high enough that they send radiation burst. So in that model. Material that has extraordinarily high energy levels impacts neutron stars. And that thing forms extraordinary high-energy waves. 

https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html

https://scitechdaily.com/cosmic-whispers-unveiled-scientists-unlock-new-secrets-of-mysterious-fast-radio-bursts/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/31/the-mystery-of-frbs/

The oldest known black hole is almost as old as the universe.

 The oldest known black hole is almost as old as the universe. 

"Researchers, using the James Webb Space Telescope, have discovered the oldest known black hole, challenging existing theories about black hole formation. This discovery, considered a significant advancement in astronomy, could lead to the identification of even older black holes and deepen understanding of their origins. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,

Universe’s Dawn: Webb Space Telescope Unmasks the Oldest Black Hole Ever Observed)

The oldest known black hole is interesting. It can contain information from the young universe. And that information can tell about the formation of the primordial black holes. One of the most interesting visions about star formation is that before the first stars formed. In the universe were black holes that caused a disturbance in material. Those black holes started to pull material inside them. And that thing caused spiralic form that formed whirls that caused star formation. So stars start to condense around those cosmic whirls. 

The problem with primordial black holes is this. What is the point in the early universe, that caused the material cumulation into the black holes? In some visions the oldest black holes formed in quark-gluon plasma. The first material in the young universe was quark-gluon plasma. That plasma had a very high energy level. And it's possible. That those quarks and gluons pushed each other away. That caused holes in that proto material, and then that high energy level material fell back in those vacuums. That could form the black hole in those bubbles. 

Or maybe the first black hole formed during the Big Bang. The big bang caused the effect. Where around that case formed the energy vacuum. And then part of the wave movement that started to form particles fell back in the place, where the Big Bang happened. That thing formed the very first primordial black hole. 

This black hole can store information around its quantum fields. And maybe it tells about conditions about less, than a second after the Big Bang. 

When we talk about quark-gluon plasma and its effects. We can produce that material in the particle accelerator. But conditions in those accelerators are different from the young universe. In the young universe, the energy level was much higher than now. The energy minimum in that system was billions of degrees. And in a very small universe were no other materials than quark-gluon plasma. The energy level in the universe must be low enough that the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality can form particles. That means the formation of the particles started at the edge of the young universe. 

The edge of the universe was the point of the shockwave that traveled in space. The thing, that supports theory. That just after the Big Bang formed a black hole is the shockwave. Or the layer where galaxies form. That thing requires a denser point of the material. And that denser point can form when the black hole starts to pull material or wave movement back inside it. 

It's possible. The Big Bang was a series of explosions of a group of primordial black holes. Those black holes could form from wave movement or radiation. And if they exploded at the same moment. That makes it possible that those waves could cross each other. Then Schwinger effect turned those crossing points into the material. 

The situation was interesting. Material's enormous mass could consist of more particles than ever after that fell into the black hole. We are hard to think about a situation where the entire universe falls into a black hole. Material falls into black holes all the time. But in that case, those black holes were alone. 

There were no quantum fields except, there is a possibility that there was more than one black hole. When those black holes fell into the cosmic voids they exploded. That explosion caused a situation where wave movement from those black holes crossed each other. 

It's possible. That this primordial black hole could pull the entire universe or all material and energy back into it. That caused the explosion. Because there were no quantum fields left, and nothing could stop the black hole's vaporization. That means that the Big Bang was not a single case. There were at least two or three high-energy bursts in the young universe. 

And as I just wrote it's possible. That the black holes pulled material back into it. There was also a big annihilation. The reason for that is in wave-particle duality. Wave-particle duality or the Schwinger effect forms particle-antiparticle pairs. And if their energy level and escape speed are not high enough, electromagnetic interaction pulls them back together. And one of the most interesting things is how the stable material started to form. 

In the young universe, things like bottom and top quarks could form similar structures that up-and-down quarks form today. In that proto-material muons could have the same role as electrons have in the modern universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/universes-dawn-webb-space-telescope-unmasks-the-oldest-black-hole-ever-observed/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/24/the-oldest-known-black-hole-is-almost-as-old-as-the-universe/

JWST telescope noticed auroras on the brown dwarf.

"This artist’s concept portrays the brown dwarf W1935, which is located 47 light-years from Earth. Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope found infrared emission from methane coming from W1935. This is an unexpected discovery because the brown dwarf is cold and lacks a host star; therefore, there is no obvious source of energy to heat its upper atmosphere and make the methane glow. The team speculates that the methane emission may be due to processes generating aurorae, shown here in red. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI), Edited" (ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

Infrared Emission From Methane Suggests Atmospheric Heating by Auroral Processes

Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have found a brown dwarf (an object more massive than Jupiter but smaller than a star) that may display possible aurorae, like the familiar Northern Lights on our world. This is an unexpected mystery because the brown dwarf, known as W1935, is an isolated object in space, with no nearby star to create an aurora.

Aurorae on Earth are made when energetic particles from the Sun are captured by our planet’s magnetic field. Those particles cascade down into our atmosphere near Earth’s poles, colliding with gas molecules and creating eerie, dancing curtains of light. Since W1935 has no star to generate a stellar wind, it’s possible that external interactions with either interstellar plasma or a nearby active moon (like Jupiter’s Io) may help account for the observed infrared emission.(ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

"Astronomers used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to study 12 cold brown dwarfs. Two of them – W1935 and W2220 – appeared to be near twins of each other in composition, brightness, and temperature. However, W1935 showed emission from methane, as opposed to the anticipated absorption feature that was observed toward W2220. The team speculates that the methane emission may be due to processes generating aurorae. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI) (ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

Brown dwarf W1935 is a so-called failed star. There are no exoplanets around that object. And that lonely stranger has no host star. That means the W1935 offers a good source for the JWST telescope to collect data about brown dwarfs. The brown dwarf is not a star or either planet. Sometimes some brown dwarfs have nuclear fusion periods. 

Those periods last a very short time. And during them, the brown dwarf shines its light. When a brown dwarf is in its active period. That thing delivers material into space. A brown dwarf is always lighter after those eruptions. That means periods between brown dwarf's active sessions turn longer. And there is a model that at least some of the brown dwarfs get their energy from fission. 

This model goes like this. There is fission material in the brown dwarf's nucleus. The nucleus of those objects would be similar to Earth's nucleus. There are radioactive elements that keep the core in melted form.  Then there is fusion material in the atmosphere of the brown dwarfs. When fusion reaction ends gravity pulls the atmosphere to the core. 

Then temperature and pressure are high enough that fusion starts again. During that process, the brown dwarf loses its mass. 

The brown dwarf is a failed star. The reason for failure is simple. The fusion reaction starts too early in some protostars. If the fusion reaction starts too early and there is not enough material in the protostars. The fusion reaction destroys the protostar or blows lots of material away from it. If the mass of the protostar is too low when fusion starts gravity cannot keep the structure in its form. 

In some models, the brown dwarfs form when the planet's remnant travels in interstellar space. Maybe those planets formed around short-living blue stars. And then those stars explode as supernovas. 

Inside every gas giant is a small solid core. The supernova blast strips gas off from gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn. And there is a small remnant that remains of the gas giant. If the star is very short-living there could be lots of radioactive material remaining in that planet's core that starts to travel in interstellar space. 

There that planet remnant pulls gas and dust to its atmosphere. The gas and dust start to press against the core. The fusion reaction starts and forms a structure. That looks like a hollow ball. 

While that process energy impact travels inside the core and jumps back. The energy impact forms a shockwave That destroys the fusion structure and pushes lots of gas out from the brown dwarf. 

For the first time, researchers observed a stellar disk in another galaxy.

The image of the star HH1177 system is not very uncommon. Except the system's location is in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This is the first time that a space telescope has taken an image of a star in another galaxy. The material disk around the star HH1177 belongs to a young star. And that shows that there is star formation in those galaxies. 

The Large Magellanic Cloud is the Milky Way's companion galaxy. The existence of the young stars in that galaxy tells that the Milky Way hasn't pulled all gas and dust away from that galaxy. The material disk around the star HH1177 tells that there are also solar systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud and other dwarf galaxies. And that thing opens new visions for the galaxy's evolution. 

With the combined capabilities of ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, a disc around a young massive star in another galaxy has been observed. Observations from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the VLT, left, show the parent cloud LHA 120-N 180B in which this system, dubbed HH 1177, was first observed. The image at the center shows the jets that accompany it. The top part of the jet is aimed slightly towards us and thus blueshifted; the bottom one is receding from us and thus redshifted. Observations from ALMA, right, then revealed the rotating disc around the star, similarly with sides moving towards and away from us. Credit: ESO/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/A. McLeod et al.  (ScitechDaily.com/A Cosmic Breakthrough: Observing an Extragalactic Star’s Disc for the First Time)

"This artist’s impression shows the HH 1177 system, which is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring galaxy of our own. The young and massive stellar object glowing in the center is collecting matter from a dusty disc while also expelling matter in powerful jets. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, a team of astronomers managed to find evidence for the presence of this disc by observing its rotation. This is the first time a disc around a young star — the type of disc identical to those forming planets in our own galaxy — has been discovered in another galaxy. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser" (ScitechDaily.com/A Cosmic Breakthrough: Observing an Extragalactic Star’s Disc for the First Time)

"This mosaic shows, at its center, a real image of the young star system HH 1177, in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy neighboring the Milky Way. The image was obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and shows jets being launched from the star. Researchers then used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, to find evidence for a disc surrounding the young star. An artist’s impression of the system, showcasing both the jets and the disc, is shown on the right panel. Credit: ESO/A. McLeod et al./M. Kornmesser" (ScitechDaily.com/A Cosmic Breakthrough: Observing an Extragalactic Star’s Disc for the First Time)

Another thing that this kinds of research give is that helps to make models of when planet formation begins in the galaxies. The planets are necessary if researchers want to find lifeforms. If a galaxy comes too soon into the plasma halo of another larger galaxy, it loses its gas and dust. And that thing turns the galaxy into a stellar cluster. there is no star formation. 

An interesting thing is that there could be planets around stars that are in the star clusters. The thing is that until now. Researchers couldn't take straight images from the stars in another galaxy or outside the Milky Way. 

The Large Magellanic cloud has a spiral form. That means there must be some kind of gravity center in that galaxy. It's possible that inside the Large Magellanic Cloud is some kind of black hole. That thing explains why that galaxy still exists. The star formation requires disturbance in the gas cloud. That disturbance makes some kind of whirls. And those whirls turn gas into the stars. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-cosmic-breakthrough-observing-an-extragalactic-stars-disc-for-the-first-time/

Hypothetical Hawking Stars: stars with primordial black holes.

   Hypothetical Hawking Stars: stars with primordial black holes. 

Cold there be black holes in the stars?

"An international research team suggests that “Hawking stars,” stars with central primordial black holes, could mimic normal stars and aid in exploring dark matter and the early universe. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com/Hawking Stars: What Happens if You Put a Black Hole Into the Sun?)

The hottest star in the night sky is Spica. The star is so hot that somebody says. That somebody says that it should not even exist. Spica is a spectral class "B" star. Only 0,13% of stars have spectral class "B". There are many hotter stars in the universe. The spectral class "O" is the hottest stellar type. "O" is a very unusual stellar class. Only about 0,00003% of stars are Spectral class "O" stars whose surface temperature is over 30,000 K. Those stars are short-living. And their power source is interesting. And in some models, radiation pressure should destroy those super-hot stars in pieces. 

"Artist’s impression of putting a small black hole at the center of the Sun in a thought experiment. Credit: © MPA, background image: Wikimedia/Creative Commons".  (ScitechDaily.com/Hawking Stars: What Happens if You Put a Black Hole Into the Sun?)

So in those stars should be an extremely heavy mass center. And some people suggest that there is a small black hole inside them. That black hole explains why those very hot stars can exist. Stars that get their energy from black holes are called Hawking stars. And the major thing is that Hawking's stars are like other stars from outside. 

Small black holes in the stars can also explain. Why do some of the stars seem to be older than even the universe? The Methuselah (HD 140283) and similar very old stars seem to be about 0,7-0,8 Sun mass. That means they are orange stars. The problem is that they should lose their fuel a long time ago. One explanation for their long existence is small primordial black holes. 

"A simple chart for classifying the main star types using Harvard classification" (Wikipedia/Stellar classification)

The primordial black hole also can explain the fast specific motion of the star Epsilon Indi. That spectral class "K" star is also an X-ray source. That X-ray emission can cause its companions to two brown dwarfs. When particles flow from Epsilon Indi hits those brown dwarfs that causes X-ray emission. But it's possible that the source of that X-ray emission and the material pike of Episilon Indi is a black hole that hovers in Episilon Indi's atmosphere. Or maybe there is a small primordial black hole in that star. 

Theoretically, it's possible. That even in our sun could be Mercury-mass black hole in it. This thing could be the powerful power source for the star. If that black hole exists that star is called Hawking's star. The theory of the Hawking star goes like this: just after the Big Bang before the first stars in the universe formed large groups of small primordial black holes. And then those primordial black holes pulled gas over them. 

"Epsilon Indi with SkyMapper and a Hubble NICMOS image of the brown dwarf binary" (Wikipedia/ Epsilon Indi)

Even a small black hole can exist for a very long time if it's in the space where gas and energy feed it. In Hawking's star, the relativistic jets of the primordial black hole along with its gravity cause a situation. That there happens a nuclear reaction around that black hole. For being stable the black hole should be symmetrically in the middle of the star. 

That means that the first stars would be the Hawking stars. That black hole gave mass-center for those hydrogen clouds. And then. Those hydrogen clouds squeezed into massive blue giants. That thing explains how the first stars formed. And that primordial black hole explains, how the first stars get their mass center that is vital for star formation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hawking-stars-what-happens-if-you-put-a-black-hole-into-the-sun/

http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/epsind.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Indi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_140283

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_stars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica

Linear space and time.

  Linear space and time. 

The energy level is one of the things that determines time. 

Today we live in linear time. The nature of time is interesting because we know that energy level determines the particle's lifetime. When we say that time moves backward. We mean that the energy level in a particle rises so high that it is similar to the energy level at the point of the black hole's event horizon, the time dilation should turn the time opposite. Same way, when a particle comes closer to the star it gets more energy from those stars. 

And that thing slows its aging. So when a particle travels in space. It travels through the quantum field. Energy can travel into that particle if those quantum fields transfer energy to the particle if those quantum field's energy level is higher than the particle's energy level. And if the quantum field's energy level is lower than the particle's energy level energy travels out from particles. In this model time is an energy level. 

We can say that:

The energy level in the material is the particle's time. Or the time in particle. We can determine time as the existence of particle. Or we can determine it as energy level in particle.  

And the energy level in the universe is environments or space-time. But what is the space-time? In theories, the universe is full of electromagnetic and other fields commonly known as quantum fields. Those quantum fields' energy level is the energy level in the universe. 

When the energy level turns too low, that thing turns particles into wave movement. So we can say that particles are gobs in wave movement. Energy formed those gobs. And energy destroys them. In the same way, we can say that material is a gob of energy.  Theoretically, we can turn material forever by pumping energy into it. Energy pumping to a particle increases its mass. And we can say that wave movement that we probably used acts like wires. Those things fold over particles and turn them into higher mass. 

The problem is that there is no way to stabilize that situation. When the energy level rises higher energy flow from the particle turns faster. If the energy flow out from the particle is fast enough that impulse forms a quantum vacuum around the particle. And that thing can rip particles in pieces. When particle travels near stars they raise their energy level. Then particle travels out from the star's environment. 

Because the energy level in space outside the particle turns lower, that particle releases its energy faster. And if a particle hits another particle, that thing causes a situation in which the energy level of those particles rises very high. And then the energy level decreases very fast. That thing destroys the particles immediately. 

So making material immortal using an outside energy source that pumps energy in particles requires that the system stabilize and replace energy that the system loses when the environment around it turns colder. 

The universe's expansion causes its energy level to turn lower. That means the particle requires more and more energy to keep its energy level. Because the universe expands its energy level decreases. That guarantees that energy or wave movement travels out from the particles. And that decreases those particle's mass. This thing causes someday of those particles to turn into wave movement. 

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Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model. 

In CDM model dark matter is extremely low-energy particles. The energy level of those particles would be very close to the energy minimum in our universe. That causes energy to flow into those particles. When energy travels from the visible material into the cold dark matter it forms a small quantum low pressure to the front of the particle. That thing would pull those particles into each other. 

In another model, the WIMP or hypothetical dark matter particle is in a higher energy level than its environment. But the energy difference is so small that energy flow between a particle and its environment is slow. 

But could there particle where there is no energy flow between it and its environment? If a particle's energy level is almost the same as its environment that makes energy flow out from the particle very slowly. In that modified model the dark matter is a higher energy particle than its environment. But the energy difference is so small, that energy flow is impossible to see. 

In the third and the most exciting model, dark matter is particles whose energy level is the same as their environment. There is the possibility that the particle that formed precisely at the same moment as the Big Bang can have the same energy level as its environment. That thing means that there is no energy flow between the environment and particles. And that thing causes a situation in which the particle is almost impossible to detect. 

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The hot dark matter would be the material that forms as an example in the relativistic jets. Or on the border between the relativistic jet and its environment. 

That extremely powerful electromagnetic radiation forms the whirls that can turn into yet unknown massive particles. Or those WIMPs (Weakly interacting massive particles) would be virtual particles, short-term quantum whirls that exist in a short moment. 

WIMPs are hypothetical dark matter particles. But could there be some kind of weakly visible particle whose energy level is so low, that it makes energy flow in that particle? If energy flows only in the particle it is invisible. But the question is, where does that hypothetical particle conduct energy? 

Normally when the energy level of a particle rises higher than its environment particle sends energy or wave movement until it reaches energy stability with its environment. In the modern universe energy stability is impossible because the universe's expansion turns the universe's energy level lower. 

But if there is some particle or particle group that formed precisely in the same moment as the Big Bang. That thing can form a particle whose energy level is the same as its environment. And that thing means that there is no energy flow with that particle and its environment. 

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Cold dark matter (CDM). And its interaction with visible material. 

The thing. What makes this model interesting is that. Somewhere in the universe is a mystery. Massive gravitational effect called dark matter. Researchers tried to remove that effect. But as we still know, dark matter or unknown gravitational effect remains. The original version of MOND has fallen. MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) was the thing that should explain the universe without dark matter. 

The cold dark matter model or CDM model tries to explain dark matter as material in which the energy level is the same or near the energy minimum. In some models, those dark matter particles are remnants from the universe's early moments. Today we know only two types of elementary particles, bosons and fermions. But in the young universe were probably more than those two types of elementary particles. 

That would make dark matter very hard to detect. So in models, dark matter is the particles whose energy level is very close to the energy minimum. They would be the last stage of particles before they turn into wave movement. If dark matter is that kind of particle. That means it pulls energy out from other particles. This makes dark matter an energy vampire. But that thing is only a hypothesis. And if that hypothesis is true, dark matter can offer unlimited energy sources. 

https://bigthink.com/thinking/a-brief-history-of-linear-time/

https://www.freethink.com/space/dark-matter-mond-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter