A new theory tries to explain how massive rocky planets form.

The super-Earth or massive rocky planets are a mystery. A new theory tries to explain why those rocky planets exist. Or why are no large rocky planets in some solar systems? Earth is the largest rocky planet in our solar system. And that thing might open a new way to think about the formation of giant rocky planets. 

The rocky planet can form in the distance from the star there is no iced gas. There must be enough heavy or solid elements that those planets can form. 

There is the possibility that the super-Earth is forming if there is no disturbance or not enough debris in the young solar system. That means the gravitational center that forms in the stable debris or planetary disk. That forms the super-Earth. The material continues to accumulate on that planet until there is no material in the planet's trajectory. Or some other thing like cosmic impact or eruption from a star stops the accumulation. 

The idea is that if there is no disturbance in that material disk. The gravitational center collects all material at one point. The disturbance, like energy impact or gravitational interaction, can cause a situation where the asteroids in that planetary disk start to change their trajectory.

Then that thing will break the rocky giant to pieces. That means the super-Earth can form when debris can accumulate without disturbance. The disturbance breaks the proto-planets. There are lots of eruptions in the young stars. And if the fusion reactions start at the wrong moment the energy impact from the star pushes the planet's shell away.  

If the young star is very active and erupts very often it can push dust and solid elements farther. Or at least out from the protoplanet's trajectory. The thing in planet formation is this. Planet's size will accumulate unless there is no dust in its gravitational field. So rocky planets form in distance from the center star where the star blows most of the light elements away. The radiation pressure from the star could clean some areas from the gas. And that is the area where rocky planets are forming. 

When we think about the gas giants that are extremely hot and orbit near their star those gas giants should form at longer distances. And then some cosmic disturbance or catastrophe would push those gas planets near their central star. The gas giant that orbits its star in an extremely short range must have a strong enough gravitational field so that the solar wind will not blow its atmosphere away.

If the planet's gravitational field is too weak, it loses its atmosphere and gas elements. So some rocky planets can be remnants of super-Earth. The liquid planet is elastic. And it stands for more powerful impacts than the rocky planet. When some gas giant impacts another planet its core can remain untouchable. That nucleus remains a remnant of the large gas planet even if cosmic impact blows its gas layer away. 

The planets start to form around heavy elements. For a long time, there is a dust cloud around that point. And the eruption from the star can push the dust away from the planet's trajectory. If that kind of eruption happens before gravitation pulls the planet to thick form this thing can destroy the entire protoplanet. 

When the protoplanet starts its formation the planet is not very thick. Before gravitational effects are strong enough the planet is not anything than some sand cloud. And if the fusion reactions in the star start or there is an eruption that would blow thin dust around the rocky planet away. 

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-mystery-of-super-earths-caltech-scientists-unveil-a-new-unified-theory/

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