The new theory about the origin of the universe.

"A radical new theory rethinks how the Universe began, using only gravity and quantum physics, no speculative fields or assumptions required. If confirmed, it could reshape our understanding of cosmic origins. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Physics Textbooks: Scientists Propose a Bold New Theory About the Universe’s Origins)

The material, or particles, can form wave movement. And wave movement can form from particles. We can call energy a wave movement, and material a condensed form of energy. But the problem with the origin of the universe is that material or energy cannot form from emptiness. If there were some kind of particle cloud where particles vaporized into the wave movement, the crossing points of those waves could form particles. The key elements in this new theory are De Sitter Space and De Sitter Universe. 

"De Sitter space is the maximally symmetric vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations in which the cosmological constant is positive (corresponding to a positive vacuum energy density and negative pressure).(Wikipedia, De Sitter Space)

"A de Sitter universe is a cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, named after Willem de Sitter. It models the universe as spatially flat and neglects ordinary matter, so the dynamics of the universe are dominated by the cosmological constant, thought to correspond to dark energy in our universe or the inflaton field in the early universe. According to the models of inflation and current observations of the accelerating universe, the concordance models of physical cosmology are converging on a consistent model where our universe was best described as a de Sitter universe at about a time t=(about)10−33 s after the fiducial Big Bang singularity, and far into the future. (Wikipedia, De Sitter universe)

The Big Bang theory is one of the most dominant cosmological models. The idea in that theory is that there came an energy spike at some point. And then that energy spike collapsed, causing an energy wave that traveled in spacetime. The problem with that model is that it doesn’t explain where that energy came from. The wave-particle duality means that the wave movement can transform into particles and particles can turn into wave movement. But the problem is that wave movement or particles cannot form from nothingness. The problem with all theories about the origin of the Universe is always where that wave movement that condensates into material came from. 

"A team of scientists proposes a new model of cosmic inflation that reveals how gravity and quantum mechanics may be sufficient to explain how the structure of the cosmos came into being. Credit: University of Barcelona’s Institute of Cosmos Sciences (ICCUB)" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Physics Textbooks: Scientists Propose a Bold New Theory About the Universe’s Origins)

An interesting thing is this: if we take any particle cloud to the absolute vacuum, there are no quantum fields that cause particles' fast vaporization. Those particles turn into a wave movement. And that reaction can be extremely rough. So, a particle cloud can be the origin of the universe. But, where did those particles or the energy that forms those particles in wave-particle duality (WPD) come from? 

The new theory of the origin of the universe closes speculative fields. The idea is that gravitational waves and the quantum ripples caused reactions that formed the Universe. In this new model, the Bose-Einstein condensate gravitons caused a reaction that we know as the Big Bang. The Universe began with the well-established De Sitter cosmic state. So, the origin of the universe was in the condensed gravity waves. 

And the question is always where those gravitational waves that condensate into the cloud of Bose-Einstein graviton condensate came from. The problem is that nobody has seen gravitons yet. The other question is that the gravitational wave cannot travel in space; there is nothing. There must always be something or some kind of field that turns into particles. And could there be gravity in spacetime where there is absolutely nothing? 

In some models, the origin of the universe is in some kind of black hole eruption. This model only moves the problem of the origin of material and energy back, even if the so-called phoenix-universe model, where the universe collapses in a Big Crunch, forming a black hole where the entire material in the universe would be condensed into one small point. And then, because there were no quantum fields that could resist the black hole’s energy flow, the black hole erupted or detonated. But that model has the same problem as other models. Where was the original black hole and material that formed the universe? 

In some models, the universe formed from the field interaction. The idea of this model was that there was a field or wave movement before the Big Bang. Then, formed a hole in the wave field. That hole caused a situation where wave movement, which we can call energy, started to fall into that hole. That collapsing hole or bubble collected energy into the middle of it. And then that effect formed like some kind of vacuum bomb. Impacting waves formed the first particles, and then those particles formed other particles. And the problem is always the same. Where does that wave field come from? 

https://phys.org/news/2025-07-rethinking-big-gravity-quantum-ripples.html

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-physics-textbooks-scientists-propose-a-bold-new-theory-about-the-universes-origins/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

Uranus delivers more energy than it gets from the sun.

"Using decades of space data, scientists have cracked the mystery of Uranus’s hidden heat. While weaker than other gas giants, this internal warmth rewrites what we know about the icy planet — and fuels excitement for a long-awaited NASA mission. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Hidden Heat Source on Uranus Just Changed What We Know About Planets)

Outcoming particle flow can form a point-shaped thermal point in the atmosphere.

Can that extra energy form in friction, or in internal radioactive decay? Or does some kind of external radiation beam push energy to that planet's atmosphere? If some kind of beam of energetic particles hits Uranus's atmosphere, it forms a thermal point at that impact area. 

Uranus and its internal heat source challenge theories about planet formation. The heat source is visible in the Uranus atmosphere. That means Uranus shines more energy than it gets from the sun. There is a rocky planet inside that great atmosphere. The size of that structure compared to the planet's size is very small. That rocky planet is smaller, or its gravity is weaker than on Earth. The large atmosphere around that planet is the thing that we see when we look at that distant gas giant. The thermal source on that planet can form in a similar way to that on Earth. The mass of Uranus is far higher than that of Earth if we measure it from the highest point of the planet’s atmosphere. 

Uranus's pole can also pull high-energy particles into that planet's atmosphere. And that particle flow can raise Uranus's temperature. 

The atmosphere forms most of Uranus ' mass. The temperature of that atmosphere is about 45 Kelvin. And its top temperature is about 50 Kelvin. Or, 50 degrees over absolute zero. Hydrogen, maybe methane, and helium form that atmosphere. In theories, there was a small rocky planet somewhere in the Kuiper Belt, or in some theories, Uranus was a rogue planet that collected its atmosphere around it in extremely stable conditions. In extremely stable conditions, the small planet can collect a huge gas shell around it. The tilt axis of Uranus supports the theory that it could be some kind of rogue planet. The thing that makes Uranus interesting is that it's lighter than it should be. Neptune is far heavier, and that causes discussions about the origin of Uranus, which is the same size but far lighter than Neptune. 

The internal radioactive material, like radioactive potassium, can form an internal temperature that is measurable on Earth. Uranus’s atmosphere is far colder than Earth's, and that means that IR systems can detect that thermal source more easily than on warmer planets. The other thing is that the layers in Uranus's atmosphere don’t move at the same speed. The difference between the speeds of the atmosphere’s layers can cause friction. The laying axle of that planet means that Uranus acts like a locked planet. The temperature difference between night and day causes massive winds in its atmosphere. Uranus' rotation is 17 hours 14 minutes. But because the planet’s tilt is 82 degrees, that means Uranus turns its other pole to the Sun. 

The other explanation can be that the wind in the Uranus atmosphere forms friction at the point where gas meets ice or liquid form. That means the energy source can be in friction in the liquid or gas layers in Uranus’s structures. In models, there is liquid gas around the icy layer that surrounds the rocky layer. When energy from the sun hits Uranus's atmosphere, it raises its temperature. The thing that makes gas move is the difference in temperatures in the atmosphere. Even if Uranus has no solid surface, there can be structures that can cause friction in that planet’s atmosphere. The secrets of Uranus are big. There might be many secrets that wait for their finder in that icy and mysterious world's atmosphere. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-hidden-heat-source-on-uranus-just-changed-what-we-know-about-planets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus

The universe, its particles, and quantum fields.

"New research suggests that collapsing stars may serve as natural laboratories to uncover hidden neutrino behavior, with potential implications for the birth of black holes and neutron stars. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, The Universe’s Most Elusive Particles Might Be Talking to Themselves)

Wave-particle duality (WPD) means that particles can turn into energy and vice versa: energy or energy fields can turn into particles. WPD means that particles are only the denser points in the quantum fields. The fact is that the particles require quantum fields for their existence. Without those quantum fields, there is no resistance that can push particles into their form. And that means if we take quantum fields out, energy flows away from particles, ripping them into pieces. And that turns particles into wave movement or quantum fields. Dark energy can form in some sub-particle structures that are too small to detect. 

But anyway, if a particle goes out from the universe, it turns into a wave immediately. And that makes it hard to detect anything outside the universe. The temperature outside the universe is unknown, but it's lower than 3K radiation or Planck radiation. It might be lower than the thermal minimum in the universe. And if that energy level is lower than the thermal minimum, 0K or -273.15C. That means energy can travel only out of the universe. That makes it impossible to observe things outside the universe. 

The most elusive particles in the universe can play an important role in neutron star and black hole formation. 

Neutrinos are almost massless particles. Their interaction with other particles is very weak. And that makes them travel through planets without touching anything. But today, researchers noticed a new interaction between neutrinos. That means a neutrino can interact with other neutrinos. And that makes those elusive particles more interesting than they were before. When a neutrino travels through objects, it takes some part of the quantum fields with it. That means those quantum fields transfer energy to the neutrino when it travels through them. 

Can the gravitational version of the Meissner effect be possible? In that gravitational Meissner effect, gravitational waves act like electromagnetic fields in the Meissner effect. And can this kind of effect also explain why neutrino interaction is so weak? The case where EM-fields travel past the particle that turns them denser than that thing allows the particle tunnel itself through walls? So is the spin of the neutrino so fast that a similar effect to the Meissner effect can make it almost weightless. If a neutrino hovers in an EM-pocket, it's hard to detect. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner-effect) Tc=Temperature Critical. Could there be a similar critical level to gravity?

In the theoretical model, the gravitational waves in extremely dense, fast-spinning particles can act in the same way as electromagnetic fields act in the so-called Meissner effect.  That theoretical phenomenon can be called the gravitational Meissner effect. Or the antigravity. 

If the gravitational Meissner effect exists, that thing can make gravitational levitation possible. The idea is that the fast-spinning particle can turn into a quantum-sized black hole. And that thing makes it possible that gravitational waves travel past the particle. The gravitational Meisner effect can explain some details about black holes. Radiation that travels past those objects closes them inside the radiation bag. So the thing that makes black holes special is that regular and quantum gravity are connected in them. The fast-spinning, extremely dense objects can create a situation where they don't let gravitational waves travel through them. That thing can make the gravitational Meissner effect possible. 

When a neutrino beam travels through the star, that thing can act like airflow that travels through rooms. The neutrino beam takes energy with it. And that decreases the temperature in the star's core. That thing can cause a very dangerous situation when the energy level decreases in the star’s core and the route of the neutrinos. When the energy level decreases, that means the energy that can resist gravity turns lower. And that neutrino beam can cause situations that start to explode sooner than it should. When the energy level decreases, that means the star's outer layers start to fall to its core, and that can cause extreme peaks in the energy production. 

Can a neutrino be the thing that glues quantum and regular gravity together? The idea in quantum gravity is that some kind of radiation or small particles that travel through the particles turns them cold. When something takes energy away from an object, outgoing energy tries to replace that energy. That movement continues until energy levels inside and outside the object are at the same level. In some models, the spin of particles binds quantum fields to them. 

That means particles turned those fields into kinetic energy. The energy that the particle binds pulls other particles to that thing. So, theoretically, a quantum-sized black hole requires that the spin of the particle turns so high. 

When large and dense groups of particles spin, they bind lots of energy into them. Without that spin, that particle’s existence ends. The question is, where do particles put the energy that they store? The outside quantum field pushes structure into its form. If that quantum field turns too weak relative to the structure, the energy that comes out from the structure destroys it. The question is, could the extremely fast-spinning quantum black hole emit gravitational radiation past it? That causes an interesting question about the gravitational Meissner effect's existence. If that Meissner effect's gravitational version exists, that means the gravitational levitation can turn into reality.   

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/quantum-fields-quantum-particles/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universes-most-elusive-particles-might-be-talking-to-themselves/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

 

The mysterious deep space fossil, a new member of our solar system, can rewrite the history of the solar system.

"A newly found icy object, Ammonite, may be a 4-billion-year-old fossil from the Solar System’s edge—and it’s casting doubt on the Planet Nine theory. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, ‘Ammonite’: A Mysterious Deep Space Fossil That Could Rewrite Solar System History)

"A mysterious icy object discovered far beyond Pluto is rewriting what we thought we knew about the Solar System’s past." (ScitechDaily, ‘Ammonite’: A Mysterious Deep Space Fossil That Could Rewrite Solar System History)

“Nicknamed “Ammonite,” this ancient world has an orbit unlike any other, placing it in the ultra-rare class of “sednoids.” Its discovery, made by the Subaru Telescope and confirmed through years of orbital data, challenges theories about Planet Nine and hints at a possible planetary shakeup billions of years ago. With a stable orbit lasting over 4 billion years, Ammonite may be a cosmic fossil—a remnant of a chaotic era when invisible forces or even lost planets shaped the outskirts of our solar neighborhood.” (ScitechDaily, ‘Ammonite’: A Mysterious Deep Space Fossil That Could Rewrite Solar System History)

The mysterious object called “Ammonite” could make Planet 9 non-existent. The Ammonite dwarf planet is Sednoid. That means it's similar to Sedna. 

There is a possibility that this mysterious object would not exist if Planet 9 is real. And that makes the Planet 9 mystery more interesting than ever before. Planet 9 is the mysterious gravitational effect that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectories. Planet 9 is also introduced as the reason for Neptune's largest moon, Triton, to be opposite the trajectory of other Neptune moons. 

The problem with all those theories is nobody has seen Planet 9 yet. Planet 9 remains a hypothesis. The mysterious gravitational effect remains, but that's all we see. Modern telescopes have found many objects from the Kuiper Belt. But none of them were large enough to cause anomalies in Neptune's trajectory. Sometimes Planet 9 is offered as an explanation for Uranus's X-ray flares and Triton icy geysers. 

There are many things that tell us that something strange happened in the past at the Kuiper Belt. The Ammonite and Eris are dwarf planets whose orbits are interesting. They are stretched, and they are not in line, and there is a possibility that some ancient planet that left the solar system can cause those strange trajectories. Maybe that strange object followed the parabolic trajectory and pulled those objects that you can see in that map to their trajectories. 

But that thing is only a hypothesis. There are models that Planet 9 was so far away from the solar system that some cosmic collision just pushed that planet away. The other model is that Planet 9 was some rogue planet, and the interesting question is this: could that object hang around somewhere between Proxima Centauri and the Sun? 

The Ammonite is a thing. That might explain many things about the past of the solar system. And there can be theories that the Ammonite is the moon, that the mysterious Planet 9 left behind it if it left the solar system a long time ago. 

But if Planet 9 is a primordial black hole, that changes the game forever. If  Planet 9 is a primordial black hole that lurks under the icy shell of some dwarf planet, that explains many things. Hypothetical primordial black holes mean that the thing that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectory must not be big. So, could some of those already known dwarf planets be Planet 9? 

In some models, “Planet 9” is a small primordial black hole. That black hole could exist in the regular-looking asteroid or dwarf planet. In that model, the black hole can collect ice balls around it. Hollow ice shells can orbit that small black hole. 

The hypothetical primordial black hole is the planet-mass ultra-small black hole. The problem is nobody has seen that type of black hole yet. But if they exist, some known dwarf planets can be that hypothetical Planet 9. So, if that kind of black hole exists in the solar system, that means this thing could be the discovery for the next millennium. 

In some scenarios, "Planet 9" is an energy impulse that can form when antimatter hits the impact wave in the heliopause. That energy impulse can cause strong effects on Uranus's Neptune and the dwarf planet's trajectories. That is one of the things that might explain something about the mystery called Planet 9. 

https://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/en/news/AmmoniteJul2025/

https://gizmodo.com/astronomers-discover-potential-dwarf-planet-lurking-way-beyond-pluto-2000630151

https://www.livescience.com/uranus-x-ray-radiation-detected.html

https://www.sciencing.com/1914379/new-world-discovered-in-our-solar-system-ammonite/

https://scitechdaily.com/ammonite-a-mysterious-deep-space-fossil-that-could-rewrite-solar-system-history/

https://www.space.com/black-holes-solar-system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_KQ14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)

Time, gravity, and photons.

"A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.77 billion years. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe." (NASA, Universe Expansion Funnel)

When people say that time stops in photons, they mean that a photon delivers as much energy as it gets. So the photon itself has no time. But a photon's time is bound with the universe. This means that the age of photons is connected with the universe’s existence. 

The thing is that in the young universe, energy levels and scattering effects were stronger than in the modern universe or the universe where we live. The speed of light is a cosmic constant that depends on the environment. The speed of light is higher outside the atmosphere than in water or gas. 

The distance of particles and energy level, which means the power of the radiation, determines the speed of light. And the photon's speed is always the top. Because the speed of light always increases because of the weaker quantum fields and growing distance between particles, that means the photon's speed accelerates. And then we must understand that the other particles' speed compared to the photon’s speed is the same as in the past. When the entirety’s speed rises, the speed between objects seems the same. 

When we think about claiming that the universe expands faster than light, we can say yes and no. The fact is that the speed of light in the modern universe is higher than in the young universe. So there is a possibility that in the modern universe particles can travel faster than photons traveled in the young universe. But still, those other particles’ speed is lower than the photon's speed. The expansion of the universe causes light to travel faster. But because all other particles also travel faster than that, it is hard to see. 

"An illustration (not to scale) of a primordial black hole growing to supermassive size. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space, Tiny ‘primordial’ black holes created in the Big Bang may have rapidly grown to supermassive sizes)

The other point is that. When a photon travels out from the universe, its speed should increase. But then the gravity of the entire universe pulls the photon back. It's hard to determine how fast a photon travels outside the universe. When a photon travels outside the universe, that means the universe pulls a photon into it with its entire mass. If the photon is in the universe, there is less mass behind it than outside the universe. 

In the same way, when we are at the edge of planet Uranus’s atmosphere, the gravity seems very strong. But when we drop to the surface of the stone shell or lithosphere of that planet, we face a situation where gravity is weaker than on Earth. The same way the universe can act when something is outside it. 

 When a black hole is behind a photon, that thing pulls the photon back to it. The massive gravitational effect also pulls the wave movement longer. This means that there is a possibility that the universe would be quite hard to see outside. But that is only speculation. 

The oversized black holes can form from tiny primordial black holes in the young universe. In the young universe, those black holes were closer to each other. And that caused a situation in which they collide more often than in the modern universe. 

When we think about enormous black holes in the young universe, we must realize that those black holes formed in conditions where the energy level was higher than in the modern universe. That means energy, or quantum fields, press against a black hole more powerfully than in the modern universe. That allowed the black holes to grow to an enormous size. Those black holes could form in a whirl in the powerful radiation. And when the universe expands, maybe those black holes' event horizons grow.

When the quantum fields turn weaker, that means the black hole starts to send radiation. That radiation can cause gravitational waves. The expansion of the universe can be one of the reasons why black holes sometimes separate from their material disks. And that causes the gravitational wave bursts. The expansion of the universe causes energy to move throughout the universe. And that thing is one of the things that causes the effect called time.

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/over-massive-black-hole-young-universe

https://www.iflscience.com/are-those-eerie-oversized-black-holes-in-the-early-universe-the-result-of-direct-collapse-74341

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12314

https://www.space.com/astronomy/black-holes/tiny-primordial-black-holes-created-in-the-big-bang-may-have-rapidly-grown-to-supermassive-sizes

The dark forest theory.

Can aliens exist? Is it possible that aliens see us, but they don’t make contact? And why don't they want to contact us? The answer can be that, as we don’t know anything about aliens, they will not know anything about us. There is a possibility that the call signal in the universe is a trap. Just like if we walk in a dark forest and hear somebody calling. We cannot be sure if that call was just meant to make contact. Or, if it is a trap. If alien culture exists, that would not be the same as our culture. Even if we see a signal. We might not have the chance to break the message. Making contact with alien civilization is not like calling using cell phones. 

When we see a message come to our cell phones. We know immediately. That humans sent that message. And we know that it's the message. But if we see an alien message, the situation is more complicated. First, we must be sure that there is a message. First, the message is the radio signal that arrives at some radio telescope. That message will be one of the thousands or even millions. 

Or billions of radio signals that the telescope receives during that day. The system must separate those synthetic signals from the natural radio sources like pulsars, quasars, or fast radio bursts. Then we must try to find the code that opens the message. And then we must realize that we might not like that message. But when we think about detection and the separation process, their system filters messages from natural radio signals; there is a possibility that this system removes the synthetic signal. Because it thinks that it's from Earth. Or it thinks that the signal is the receiver's error. 

The base of the dark forest theory or hypothesis is that all civilizations are hostile. And they just wait for the right moment to attack. 

"The universe is a dark forest. Every civilization is an armed hunter stalking through the trees like a ghost, gently pushing aside branches that block the path and trying to tread without sound. Even breathing is done with care. The hunter has to be careful, because everywhere in the forest are stealthy hunters like him. If he finds another life—another hunter, angel, or a demon, a delicate infant to tottering old man, a fairy or demigod—there’s only one thing he can do: open fire and eliminate them." (Big Think, Dark Forest theory: A terrifying explanation of why we haven’t heard from aliens yet)

Then we must realize that if we make that thing, it certainly is the military action against those aliens. And if they are powerful and advanced, they might take revenge. Just this thing would be similar to things that started colonialism. Natives attacked Europeans because they established their irrigation on native lands. Because Europeans were hurt, they sent troops to take revenge. The military superiority gave Europeans the ability to conquer their colonies. In the same way. If we attack aliens, they might try to avenge us. 

Dark forest theory is one of the darkest theories that tries to explain why we aren't able to make contact with other civilizations. The model is taken from the dark forest where we travel alone. We can yell and call other people, but even if somebody answers, that doesn’t mean that the person who answers means good. The forests are full of animals and humans, but they are not always good-willed. 

We can think that there are cities full of kind people, but those people are kind because they are under observation. In the same way, we must realize that some people who live in forests are probably not as well under surveillance as we might think. The thing that makes people commit crimes is that they believe nobody sees their crimes. 

The thing in the dark forest model is that the space is the forest. The civilization that lives on a certain planet is the community that lives in cities. And those members of the hypothetical alien civilizations who live in their research centers and other outposts like colonies are members who live in dark forests. They might not have the ability to communicate with their home planets very often. And that means those colonies might start to live their own life. 

When we think about that hypothetical civilization and compare it with things like conquistadors and great voyages, we must realize that the first colonists returned home. But then those colonies turned more and more independent. The first voyagers returned home. Then they left for colonies forever. Those people never return. And that path made the colonies turn independent. 

And in space, the scale is far bigger than on the great sails and voyages. And then some of those colonies rise more powerful than the nation that created them. So, if we think that the alien colonies or colonies that the human race will someday establish are separating from the home planet. That means those colonies become alien to their establishments. They might turn more powerful than the planet that created them. 

The thing is that. As in a dark forest, in the universe. There are actors who wait for the right moment to find a helpless civilization or some other colony. Those creatures can attack and conquer the helpless planet anytime they see something that cannot resist. If we yell and try to make contact, we actually don’t know what we face. In the worst case, friendly discussion with aliens is meant as a trap. 

And we must not forget that. We don’t know if aliens will try to contact us in our lifetime. But we must realize that there is always the possibility that another species tries to conquer our planet. One of the reasons for that can be that those hypothetical aliens can think of us as competitors. Or maybe they are cosmic outlaws who want to set up an accident. The dark forest hypothesis means that aliens exist, but they don’t want to contact us. 

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/the-dark-forest-theory-a-terrifying-explanation-of-why-we-havent-heard-from-aliens-yet/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis

Can Venus host lifeforms?

"An artist’s impression of the proposed VERVE mission to Venus the answer whether tiny bacterial lifeforms really do exist in the planet’s clouds. Credit: Danielle Futselaar" (ScitechDaily, Unexplained Gases on Venus: Could They Be the Sign of Alien Life?)

"Could microbial life be drifting in the clouds of Venus? With unexplained signs of phosphine and ammonia scientists are developing a bold new space mission to find out." ScitechDaily, Unexplained Gases on Venus: Could They Be the Sign of Alien Life?)

Phosphine in Venus' atmosphere still remains. Researchers found phosphine and ammonia in that planet’s atmosphere. That causes the possibility that there can be lifeforms on Venus’ clouds. That planet’s atmosphere is far different from Earth's. It’s mainly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. 

That means that the atmosphere is very flat. It turns denser differently from Earth. The density rises lower and faster than Earth's atmosphere. If there are some kind of lifeforms, that means there can be some kind of diatoms or other algae or bacteria that can hover. Using their oxygen bubbles. Carbon dioxide is heavier than nitrogen and oxygen. So, if we fill a bag using air, that bag rises to Venus’s atmosphere. 

In some SciFi novels, astronauts rise to their Venus platforms by filling the bags using air, and that bag raises them to the Venus highlands. That causes an idea that in some planet’s atmosphere could hover medusa-type lifeforms that can create oxygen in their cells. Then those “medusas” can hover in that planet’s atmosphere. Originally, astronomer Carl Sagan introduced the idea of “living balls” that could hide in Jupiter or Saturn’s atmospheres. 

So the high pressure of the Venus surface denies water boiling. And one of the models of lifeforms that can survive in extreme conditions is found near hydrothermal vents deep under the ocean surface. 

Supercritical water that doesn’t boil at extremely high temperatures keeps worms, bacteria, and shrimp alive near hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal vents, called “black smokers,” maintain ecosystems at the depths of the oceans. 

"Black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean" (Wikipedia, Hydrothermal vent)

The reality is that there are always people who say that lifeforms on planets like Venus are impossible because of their temperature and pressure. Those arguments cause discussions because high pressure increases the water's boiling point. The high pressure causes a situation where there could be lifeforms near black smokers, or officially, hydrothermal vents. Water pressure near those hydrothermal vents that are over 3000 meters below the surface is enormous. That pressure forms supercritical water near those hydrothermal vents.

There are bacteria and some worms near those extremely hot points. Those bacteria, worms, and shrimps can stay alive because of the supercritical water. Because water doesn’t form bubbles, those organisms that require enzyme and protein synthesis in that environment can stay alive. If those same organisms rise to normal air pressure and to that temperature, they will die immediately. 

Because of the boiling water, maybe those things can give hints about the lifeforms that can survive on extreme planets. And then we must consider that those lifeforms are fully adapted to their environment, which can be deadly to us. We and no lifeform that lives on drylands can survive near hydrothermal vents. But those lifeforms cannot survive on Earth either. 

https://scitechdaily.com/unexplained-gases-on-venus-could-they-be-the-sign-of-alien-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent

5-plet and String theory.

"Scientists propose a bold test of string theory by identifying a hypothetical five-particle family, called a 5-plet, that string theory cannot produce. If such a particle were found at the LHC, it could simultaneously challenge string theory and provide new insights into the nature of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, This Forbidden Particle Could Break String Theory)

There are two main models in cosmology. The standard model. And the string theory. The standard model explains particles, and string theory tries to model wave movement and space. The key element in string theory is that so-called superstrings form everything from spacetime to the particles. In some models, those superstrings are a series of quantum-sized black holes. Their transition disks form structures that look like strings. 

There is a possibility that the 5-plet particle group will destroy string theory. But there is one problem. The 5-plet particle must have a mass five times or more compared to the Higgs boson. And that means researchers need a new particle accelerator to confirm those particles’ existence. The fact is that the modern CERN and the Large Hadron Collider, LHC, cannot form such a high energy level that the 5-plet formation requires. The 5-plet can destroy string theory. 

Researchers must wait for the new future circular collider, FCC, to prove those particles. The LHC operates at its limit with the Higgs boson. There is a possibility that the FCC particle accelerator has points where it can point lasers at traveling particles. That system can bring photons to a system that could accelerate those particles. The combination of photonic-magnetic accelerators can raise those particles' energy levels so high that they can prove the existence, or non-existence, of hypothetical 5-plet particles. The major problem is. How to make sure that all photons come back to those particles that travel in the cyclotron?  

The 5-plet can open paths to understand dark matter. But it endangers string theory. And there is one problem. When we think that the dark matter particles turn visible at high energy levels, we make a model that raises the energy level of the material. When electrons and positrons collide, that creates a very high energy level. That energy forms a shockwave that researchers hope to interact with dark matter. 

"Event display in the signal region from data taken in 2018. The pixel tracklet candidate with pT = 1.2 TeV is shown by the red solid line and other inner detector tracks by the thin orange lines. Jets are shown by the transparent yellow, blue, and red cones. The missing transverse momentum is shown by the white dotted line. The green and yellow bars indicate energy deposits in the liquid argon and scintillating tile calorimeters respectively. The event is common to both the electroweak and strong production signal regions. Event and run numbers are shown in the bottom left corner. Credit: ATLAS Collaboration CERN" (ScitechDaily, This Forbidden Particle Could Break String Theory)

They hope that the dark matter sends a flash to sensors. Basically, that model is easy to make. The main idea is that researchers should raise the energy level or create dark matter. The main problem is how to make that thing in real life. If researchers try to increase the dark matter energy level through the visible material, they make the visible material shine brighter. And that shine covers the dark matter’s shine behind it. The model of dark matter is simple. It’s like ordinary material that shines invisible light or sends wave movement. But the main problem is that the visible material is “brighter” than dark matter. 

The major problem with a cyclotron is that when a particle changes its direction, it sends a photon. That photon is an energy quantum, which means there is a limit to how high that energy level can rise. That light quantum means that energy travels out from particles. When a cyclotron smashes two particles together, it creates new particles from the energy shockwave that the particle-pair impact creates. 

The existence of ultra-high-energy particles is very short. That means they are energy packages that release lots of energy in a very short time. And in that process, those particles transform into some other particle. That process releases and forms many other particle types. When researchers try to find new particles, they observe particle trajectories in the sensor chamber. 

There is a theoretical model that is based on the particle's energy levels and its calculated interaction with existing particles. Then, researchers try to separate particles that are already known from the unknown particles' trajectories. The high-energy particle that decays in the sensor chamber can also affect well-known particles and their behavior in that chamber. That is the opposite way to detect particles. If something unpredictable happens, that means there is an unpredictable actor. And that actor can be some unknown particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/this-forbidden-particle-could-break-string-theory/

Cold material clouds near the center of the Milky Way can open new paths to cosmology and physics.

"High-resolution observations of the Milky Way’s Fermi bubbles have revealed dense, cold hydrogen clouds embedded within a superheated outflow, indicating that these colossal structures formed in a rapid, recent event. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, “Impossible” Cold Clouds Discovered in Milky Way’s Heart Challenge Astronomical Theories)

New observations about cold material clouds near the Milky Way’s center are challenging astronomical theories. Or maybe they tell more about conditions in those extreme areas than anybody expected. The Milky Way center is a very high-energy area. That means the material should be hot near Sagittarius A. When researchers find something very cold near that supermassive black hole there is a possibility that something simply pulls or pushes energy through that material. 

If things like quarks or something similar small, weakly interacting particles travel through material that thing can cause the effect that those neutrinos, etc. will transport energy out from that material. So something acts like a thermal pump. 

And there is a small possibility that dark energy is the thing that turns those material clouds into cold. If we think about the cases of dark dwarf stars near the center of the Milky Way. Collect dark matter and make them impact or annihilate, those particles can send so much dark energy that it pushes visible energy out from those cold material clouds. 

"An artist’s depiction of the relative sizes of the sun, a low mass star, a brown dwarf, Jupiter, and the Earth. Sizes are to scale, but distances are not. Credit: Jupiter: NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (NASA, GSFC). Sun and Low-Mass Star: NASA, SDO. Brown Dwarf: NASA, ESA, and JPL-Caltech. Earth: NASA. Infographic: NASA and E. Wheatley (STScI)" (Phys.org, Dark matter could create dark dwarfs at the center of the Milky Way)

The dark dwarf can collect so much dark matter, that the impacts of dark matter. Or, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs happen so often that they send so much dark energy that it creates visible interaction between dark and visible material. If that is true of the dark matter particles, WIMPs’ impacts are the source of dark energy. And maybe that thing can change our view of dark matter and dark energy. 

Dark matter interaction through gravity is a well-known thing. That means gravity centers pack dark matter around them. The gravity centers like Sgr A* are the ultimate objects in the universe. That kind of ultimate gravity center can collect and pack dark matter into such a dense form that impacts between those particles happen so often, and they can create visible interaction with other objects and particles. This means that dark matter and dark energy also have some electromagnetic-style interactions with visible material. The only known interaction is gravitational. 

But the “shine” of visible material covers that interaction with it. Things like dark dwarfs are very dense objects that can collect the dark matter and its radiation into them. And there is a possibility that there is a dark dwarf near the center of the Milky Way that gets its energy from dark matter. The dark dwarf is the massive object that formed when a brown dwarf used up its fuel. This dark dwarf location near Sgr A* is also special. The dark dwarf pulls dark matter around it the another dark matter flow that Sgr A* pulls to it impacts that dark matter whirl. That causes impacts or even annihilation that turns dark matter very hot. 

And the ultimate high energy that Sgr A* sends can also interact with those WIMP particles. The model goes like this: the dark matter particles, hypothetical WIMPs, are so small that they send so short-wave radiation that we have no ability to observe that radiation. That means the dark energy can be a wave movement outside the gamma-rays. And if that is true it can open new visions for cosmology and space research. 

https://nasaspacenews.com/2025/07/dark-dwarfs-the-cosmic-clue-that-could-reveal-dark-matters-secrets/

https://phys.org/news/2025-07-dark-dwarfs-center-milky.html

https://scitechdaily.com/impossible-cold-clouds-discovered-in-milky-ways-heart-challenge-astronomical-theories/

Water crystallization in low gravity and temperature can open new ways to model water.

"The Universe’s most abundant ice isn’t formless—it’s secretly laced with crystals. And that might change how we think about water, planets, and life itself. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Scientists have uncovered a hidden structure inside the Universe’s most common ice—found on comets, moons, and interstellar dust—challenging decades of belief." (ScitechDaily, Tiny Crystals Hidden in Cosmic Ice Could Rewrite What We Know About Water and Life)

The new observations about the water crystallization can open new models for water and life in the universe. When water crystallizes at a very low temperature and under weak gravity it can form microcrystals. Those microcrystals are something that doesn’t form on Earth. The microcrystals can form a structure alone or with some liquid gas that makes it look like liquid. If there is liquid nitrogen or helium between those microcrystal bites that thing can cause a situation where those crystals can form the “icy quicksand”. 

That means those crystal ice bites behave like sand in quicksand and the liquid gas acts like water in quicksand. There is a possibility that the extremely small nanocrystals could form the liquid-looking structure on icy planets. Those new observations about water behavior open the road to making models about the lifeforms. Or, sharper saying the DNA, or mRNA controlled icy crystals can exist on some distant worlds. In those ultra-cold conditions, the DNA or RNA can make those crystals act like cells act in our planet. 

The image of Pluto from the New Horizons probe. The white structure near the pole seems to be some kind of geyser or “icy volcano”. That means Pluto's low gravity along with the Kharon moons' gravity effect and tidal forces can keep water from moving on that strange world. If there is liquid water on that dwarf planet. 

“In this image of Pluto’s surface, the red luminance corresponds to the infrared data acquired by the Ralph/MVIC instrument carried by New Horizons. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute/ZLDoyle” (ScitechDaily, New Horizons Reveals Dunes Made of Tiny Grains of Solid Methane on Pluto)

That doesn’t mean. The undersurface ocean must cover the entire planet. There can be small “lakes” on that dwarf planet. Maybe most of the liquid is methane, nitrogen, and other gases. Those lakes that can hold water can be below the white cap near Pluto’s pole. 

The theory about quantum water is also interesting. 

On distant planets, water is at the minimum energy level. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in their maximum size. And those atoms form the Bose-Einstein condensate. There is a possibility that the weak gravity along with other effects can turn those water molecules straight and make them spin very fast. In that case, the water molecules that are very low can be unable to make bonds with the other water molecules. That means in the low temperature and low gravity it is possible that the water remains in a form that looks like liquid. 

This kind of liquid water is nothing that we see on Earth. This kind of phenomenon can be possible only in a low-pressure, lowest possible temperature, that is near 0K. And the third thing is the ultra-low gravity field. The low gravity field can keep water liquid far below zero. The thing that keeps water in liquid form is the whirls that move the water. 

If we think of dwarf planets like Pluto and Eris and their moons, their gravity is very low. And the other thing is that those objects are very thin. The third thing is that the gravitational effect of their moons like Kharon is stronger than on Earth. That can cause conditions where the whirls can keep the water liquid even in those extremely low temperatures. Tidal forces of those moons are more powerful because the dwarf planet's gravity is not very strong. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-horizons-reveals-dunes-made-of-tiny-grains-of-solid-methane-on-pluto/

https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-crystals-hidden-in-cosmic-ice-could-rewrite-what-we-know-about-water-and-life/

The String theory and the 5-plet problem.

"Concept image of strange particles in an atom." (InterestingEngineering)

The 5-plet is a strange 5-particle group detected in the Large Hadron Collider that can challenge String theory and give answers for Dark Matter problems. The problem is that the 5-plet must not exist in the String model. But it still exists. When we think about String theory itself, that theory seems to give answers to every problem in the universe. String theory has the same problem with the Big Bang theory. That theory is commonly accepted, even if it's incomplete. String theory is made for filling the Big Bang theory giving answers to where the material that formed the Big Bang came from. The purpose of String Theory is to answer the question: What “exploded" in the Big Bang? 

String theory is not the same as the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. Some people think that the String theory gives answers to all problems in the universe. 

That is not even close to the truth. The String theory handles small parts of the entirety. And the thing that supports some kind of superstring’s existence is the cosmic web. The main idea of the String theory is that the internal superstrings or energy channels form a dimension. And the universe is like a bubble in one extremely large superstring. Those strings also form material and everything. And every single particle is a bubble in a superstring. We often forget that the Superstring theory is a repair tool for the Big Bang theory, which should explain where the material and energy came from. 

(InterestingEngineering)

The problem with the Big Bang theory is this: it doesn’t answer one of the most critical questions in physics. Where did that energy that formed the Big Bang come from? The Big Bang theory's basement is in the wave-particle duality, WPD. That means wave movement can turn into particles and particles can turn into wave movement. But without wave movement, there are no particles. So there are many updates in the Big Bang theory. The most modern model is that time itself formed the Big Bang. And the Big Bang was rather the Big Burst than the single Bang. That means in modern models the Big Bang was a series of events that formed the material in the form as we know it. 

That means the Big Bang was some kind of annihilation, but it doesn’t answer where those particles that formed the annihilation came from. One of the suggestions for that question is that there formed a giant black hole that exploded.  That black hole could have formed from wave movement that existed before the Big Bang. Or, another suggestion is that the hypothetical black hole was a remnant of the universe that existed before our universe. The multiverse model explains the space as a dimension where Big Bangs happen all the time. And universes form in the crossing points of other universes' radiation. That radiation pushes particles or wave movement into the points where their gravitational effect starts to form new universes. 

But proving that the model is not a very easy thing. If there is material outside the universe, that material is so cold that we cannot see it. But the multiverse is a logical conclusion that begins from the galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The idea is that the universe itself is part of a larger entirety. But then we face another way to answer the problem of where everything came from. That answer is written in a very incomplete Brane theory. The idea is that the dimension or third dimension simply collapsed. That opened the channel from the fourth dimension straight to the second dimension. That energy channel formed the event called the Big Bang. If that model can be true the 3D material cannot close that channel because its energy level is too high. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/ghost-particles-that-could-snap-string-theory

https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/things-know-can-data-large-hadron-collider-snap-string-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

Astronomers found the missing material of the universe.

 

"A simulation of the ‘cosmic web’, the vast network of threads and filaments that extends throughout the Universe. Stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters spring to life in the densest knots of this web, and remain connected by vast threads that stretch out for many millions of light-years. These threads are invisible to the eye, but can be uncovered by telescopes such as ESA’s XMM-Newton. Credit: Illustris Collaboration / Illustris Simulation" (ScitchDaily, Astronomers Find Universe’s “Missing” Matter)

 Can energy that travels out from the cosmic web explain dark energy? 

Most of the visible material in the universe is in the cosmic web or cosmic neural structure. The energy level of that material is higher than its environment. And that makes it hard to detect material from around that structure, whose shine covers the colder material under it. The material outside the cosmic superstructure is invisible because its energy level is lower than material that is in the cosmic superstructure.

That can mean that this energy flow out from that superstructure can explain dark energy. When energy travels out from that cosmic superstructure that means that energy flow pushes particles and smaller structures away from that energy flow. There is a lot of energy that travels out from that structure. And that energy can blow the universe larger. 

The cosmic web which is the largest known megastructure is the chain of galaxy superclusters. Energy level in that structure is higher than in its environment. And that means energy flows out from that supercluster. In this text, the term missing material means baryonic material. Dark matter is a little bit harder to describe because dark matter interacts with gravity. So there should also be more dark matter in galaxies and their halos. But the problem is that nobody has seen dark matter particles. 

The missing material in the universe was found in intergalactic space. We know that galaxies are in the middle of the material halos. And there are lots of baryonic materials between galaxies. So, why could we not find that material earlier? Galaxies and their halos form the light pollution as well as cities form on Earth. The halo around galaxies and galaxies themselves are much brighter or their energy level is higher than the material between galaxies. And the other thing is that other galaxies are like a very bright light in the dark night. So, we can think of the intergalactic material as fog. 

We are observers who stand in the bright field. There are bright traffic lights all around us. The light pollution from Earth, the sun, and other stars covers the intergalactic material under it. And then we want to observe thin fog. That light pollution denies that thing. When we think about the situations in the space between galaxies and galaxy clusters, and especially outside galaxy superclusters we can say that there is a lot of missing material outside the structures. The brightness of those objects prevents us from seeing most of the baryonic material in the universe. 

The material between galactic superclusters might be even colder than the material between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy. And that makes it almost impossible to detect that missing material. Galaxies, galactic clusters, and mega clusters form light and energy that turns the gas in those structures and superstructures more a higher energy level than gas outside the galactic superclusters. So maybe we will not even detect that very low-energy material. Because energy always travels from higher- to lower energy levels that means that material is not easy to detect. 

Light and other energy act like fog between that material and humans. The particles that are in the galactic superclusters reflect wave movement that makes it hard to see material around that energy bubble. The difference between energy levels in the galactic superclusters and the space around them must not be high. The thing that is enough is that the energy level is higher. 

The temperature of the gas outside the galactic superclusters can be the coldest in the universe. The weak radiation from distant objects covers the material from the observers. So, that causes a model where most of the baryonic material in the universe exists, not in galaxy clusters or superclusters. That material can exist in the space between the galactic superclusters. And in induction speculations, we can think that there is a lot more material outside the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-find-universes-missing-matter/

The new model for prime numbers.

Prime numbers play a vital role in cryptology. The cryptological process requires big numbers. There is always the possibility that the number is virtually big. The system can divide those big numbers to smaller and that makes it possible to crack the code. The prime number is divided by 1 and itself. That makes it impossible to find the smallest possible factor in the number. If the attacking system finds that the smallest known common factor it makes easy to crack the message. If the number that the system uses to encrypt messages is pairer the system can simply use the 2 and then count it with itself to find the right number. 

There is a possibility that prime numbers involve secret code. If that code exist there is the possibility to calculate the series of the prime numbers very fast. Prime numbers require that the attacking system must always generate the entire number. And today the system uses the Riemann zeta function for that purpose. 

The problem with that function is it always gives the same prime number points. When the system drives Riemann zeta function, known as the Riemann conjecture, there are always certain points that the function gives. The attacking system can create the right prime number simply using the more powerful systems. And the AI driven neural network can make that attack quite fast, if it begins to create the right prime number by using the certain point of the number series that  Riemann Conjecture created. So, there must be some more effective way to find the right prime number. Or there must be a method that doesn’t depend on the Riemann Zeta function. 

There is a possibility to increase the encryption safety by using the multi stage encryption. When the data travels through one encryption line that line counts those ASCII numbers using the quantum decimal prime numbers. Those extremely long decimal prime numbers that are many times counted to the ASCII codes can make the message safer. The other way is to share those ASCII numbers to smaller series like series that involve three numbers. That makes the attacker to detect the data from those 3 number series.  

Above: Riemann Zeta function

Researchers uncovered the connection between prime numbers and the integer partitions. Those two things might not seem to have any connection. But mathematicians found that there is a connection. Before this and Riemann's zeta function there was a method to detect and identify the prime numbers. 

“To appreciate the significance of this breakthrough, we must journey back to the third century BCE. It was then that the Greek scholar Eratosthenes devised an elegantly simple method to identify prime numbers—known today as the “Sieve of Eratosthenes.” This technique involves systematically eliminating the multiples of each integer, leaving only those that remain indomitable: the primes. “ 

“Despite its antiquity, the sieve remains one of the most effective tools for sifting through these unique integers. This enduring relevance underscores the complexity of the problem at hand: even after more than 2,000 years of research, no straightforward algorithm or universal formula can predict where the next prime number will appear.” (Sustainability Times, “Prime Numbers Had a Hidden Code”: Mathematician Cracks 2,000-Year-Old Mystery That Could Rewrite Number Theory)

“This ancient method highlights the persistent challenge prime numbers pose. While it is a rudimentary yet powerful tool, the quest to fully comprehend primes continues, emphasizing their profound mystery and significance in mathematics.” (Sustainability Times, “Prime Numbers Had a Hidden Code”: Mathematician Cracks 2,000-Year-Old Mystery That Could Rewrite Number Theory)

When we think about the number theorem and other kinds of things we must realize that the prime numbers have one rule. That rule is that the prime number is unpaired. That means it will always end in numbers 0,1,3,(5), 7, 9. Five is in brackets because there is a big possibility that the number that ends to five is composite to five like 15.  That means if the number is a prime number it must not end in a pair. There is also risk with 9 that it can divide by using number 3. The 9 is not a prime number alone. 

The other rule is that there should not be series like 222 or 555. And the number must not involve sequences like 1313. Those rules are made to determine the prime number. If there are repeating  sequences, the same number or the number is pairer it is not prime number. The prime numbers are required in cryptology. The system generates a long and big number that it uses for encrypting data. The encryption process means that the ASCII number of the letter or number will count by using that prime number. And if an attacker finds that number the defender is in trouble. There is a possibility to increase layers to the encryption process. But that thing requires more powerful machines. Or it requires the new types of encryption systems. 

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/riemann-zeta-function/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/prime-numbers-had-a-hidden-code-mathematician-cracks-2000-year-old-mystery-that-could-rewrite-number-theory/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

The gluon and strong nuclear interaction.

  

 (Wikipedia, Color charge)

There is a possibility that dark matter is a particle that has no color charge. Maybe, those particles can form in cases where particles with the same quantum color like green and anti-green impact each other. That thing can also explain dark energy. The particles that have the same quantum color impact with their mirror particle, or particles that have the mirror color or anti-color annihilate. 

So in the case of gluons with green and anti-green impacts, that thing should neutralize their color. That turns those particles colorless. If a particle loses its color it turns invisible. The grey or colorless particle can push quantum fields around it. Same way if the gluon has the same quantum color as the quark that it impacts it causes a repel effect. The idea is that as an example green field surrounds a green quark. And if the green gluon impacts that field it pushes it away from around it. That forms the crater in that field. When the field returns to that crater the impact forms an energy point and pushes the quark forward. If the gluon with blue color charge closes the same field that pulls the field to that thing. 

The gluon has a quantum color like anti-blue and green. That means that the gluon’s color charge is a superposition of color and anti-color. Normally gluons cannot have the quantum colors green and anti-green because those mirror quantum colors neutralize each other. That thing forms the particle that has no color charge. And sometimes it is introduced that dark matter can be a particle with the same quantum charge as green and anti-green. When mirror colors are impacting that means those quantum colors neutralize each other. The neutralization process is quite similar to annihilation where a particle and its antiparticle pair turn into energy. 

***********************************************

"Fields due to color charges of quarks (G is the gluon field strength tensor) in "colorless" combinations.

Top: Color charge has "ternary neutral states" as well as binary neutrality (analogous to electric charge).

Bottom: Quark/antiquark combinatio". (Wikipedia, Color charge)

***********************************************

The gluon can be the particle that has two heads like green and anti-blue. That means there is a possibility that a gluon interacts with its environment in a similar way to surfactants there are hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads. That interaction is on a much smaller scale than the molecule. When gluons' green heads turn to green quarks that thing causes a similar repel effect as electromagnetism. So the quantum color determines whether the gluon can turn into it. 

When we think about the scale that the gluon acts on we can think about the situation where the gluon with an example green quantum color hits the quark with anti-green quantum charge. That can cause “lightning” but the particle can remain. But it loses a little bit of its quantum color charge. 

That causes the idea that maybe there are two more quantum colors. Black and white. So, maybe the mysterious or mythical graviton has the black quantum color. The white is the colorless particle. But if the “black” quantum color exists that means the new natural interaction. So maybe black will be chosen to be the color of the fifth force transporter color. There is one model that can explain the graviton and why we cannot see that thing. The graviton itself would have the colorless quantum color. 

The quantum field goes past the particle. And that forms the quantum shadow into its other side. That colorless particle is very hard to detect in the field. In some other models, the graviton is like the stick; there is two particles connected with each other. They might have very weak quantum colors. When those particles orbit each other that causes a situation where those yet unknown particles bind energy into each other. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Hunting the fifth force.

"Physicists are pushing the boundaries of the Standard Model by investigating the possibility of a fifth fundamental force using ultra-precise measurements of calcium atoms. By comparing subtle energy shifts in isotopes, researchers hope to uncover signs of new physics that could help explain the universe’s hidden mass. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Close In on the Fifth Force That Could Unlock the Mystery of Dark Matter)

Researchers search for the fifth force. The fifth force can be the thing that we know as dark energy and dark matter. There are four known interactions or forces in the universe. Those forces are gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong nuclear interactions, or, forces. There is a possibility that the fifth force is the opposite of gravity. So that causes a question: can there be material without the fifth force? 

That fifth force can be the mirror-gravitation. Normal gravity has only pulling ability. And that means the fifth force can have only a pushing effect. There is a model that the color charge, or, using other words, we can say quantum colors can have similar interactions with the fifth force. 

The quantum color between gluons in the strong interaction can open the fifth force to us. That means there should be something that causes the repelling effect between quarks. The model goes like this. If we use the weak interaction as a model we can say that there are two gluons between quarks just like there are W and Z boson pairs between protons and neutrons. That gluon pair creates the quantum low pressure between those quarks. When those gluons orbit each other they simply harness energy fields into them. And then they transfer that energy into the quarks around them. That electromagnetic low-pressure can be the quantum gravity, or gravitational quantum dots. And the quantum gravity model goes like this: the gravity forms of the quantum dots and those quantum dots are entirely called gravity centers. The number and density of those quantum dots determine the strength of gravity. 

“Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue. Additionally, there are three "anti-colors", commonly called anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue. Unlike electric charge, color charge is never observed in nature: in all cases, red, green, and blue (or anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue) or any color and its anti-color combine to form a "color-neutral" system. For example, the three quarks making up any baryon universally have three different color charges, and the two quarks making up any meson universally have opposite color charges.” (Wikipedia, Color charge)

(Wikipedia, Color charge)

"An animation of the interaction inside a neutron. The gluons are represented as circles with the color charge in the center and the anti-color charge on the outside." (Wikipedia, Color charge)

“Quarks have a color charge of red, green, or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states that are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. “ (Wikipedia, Color charge)

When a quark takes enough energy it releases that energy as wave movement. That means the fifth force is the force that destroys the atoms. There is a possibility that somewhere is a force that interacts directly between quarks without gluons. Or there is also the possibility that quarks can repel gluons. And what happens if quarks push gluons away from their position? 

Can quantum color hide the fifth force? In quantum chromodynamics, CQD quarks and gluons have a so-called quantum color. Gluons can have one of three quantum colors blue, red, and green. Anti-quarks have opposite quantum colors anti-blue, anti-green, and anti-red. The strong interaction is the interaction between quarks and gluons. The gluon is the boson that connects the quarks together. And transmits the strong nuclear force. The gluon’s color charge is a little bit different from the quark’s color charge. 

The gluon’s color charge is a superposition of the quantum color and anti-color. The green and anti-green for example cannot form gluons, or they cannot exist in the same gluon.. So gluon has two heads, for example, blue and anti-green. So the quark is blue-antigreen. As you see in the diagram below. When we see that the blue quark emits the blue-antigreen gluon we can ask if the fifth force release happens in that process. 

This is why the strong nuclear interaction is also known as the color force. That color is similar to the electromagnetism in electrons. That means the quantum color is one thing that keeps quarks in their entirety called hadrons. In traditional models, the atom’s core and electron shell interactions are described as a whole. There is a possibility that the neutron’s interaction with electrons is different from that of protons. That means a neutron sends some kind of energy impulse to the electron and pushes it away. That means some of those quantum colors can interact with electrons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-close-in-on-the-fifth-force-that-could-unlock-the-mystery-of-dark-matter/

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/particle-physics/content-section-6.2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction