The String theory and the 5-plet problem.

"Concept image of strange particles in an atom." (InterestingEngineering)

The 5-plet is a strange 5-particle group detected in the Large Hadron Collider that can challenge String theory and give answers for Dark Matter problems. The problem is that the 5-plet must not exist in the String model. But it still exists. When we think about String theory itself, that theory seems to give answers to every problem in the universe. String theory has the same problem with the Big Bang theory. That theory is commonly accepted, even if it's incomplete. String theory is made for filling the Big Bang theory giving answers to where the material that formed the Big Bang came from. The purpose of String Theory is to answer the question: What “exploded" in the Big Bang? 

String theory is not the same as the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. Some people think that the String theory gives answers to all problems in the universe. 

That is not even close to the truth. The String theory handles small parts of the entirety. And the thing that supports some kind of superstring’s existence is the cosmic web. The main idea of the String theory is that the internal superstrings or energy channels form a dimension. And the universe is like a bubble in one extremely large superstring. Those strings also form material and everything. And every single particle is a bubble in a superstring. We often forget that the Superstring theory is a repair tool for the Big Bang theory, which should explain where the material and energy came from. 

(InterestingEngineering)

The problem with the Big Bang theory is this: it doesn’t answer one of the most critical questions in physics. Where did that energy that formed the Big Bang come from? The Big Bang theory's basement is in the wave-particle duality, WPD. That means wave movement can turn into particles and particles can turn into wave movement. But without wave movement, there are no particles. So there are many updates in the Big Bang theory. The most modern model is that time itself formed the Big Bang. And the Big Bang was rather the Big Burst than the single Bang. That means in modern models the Big Bang was a series of events that formed the material in the form as we know it. 

That means the Big Bang was some kind of annihilation, but it doesn’t answer where those particles that formed the annihilation came from. One of the suggestions for that question is that there formed a giant black hole that exploded.  That black hole could have formed from wave movement that existed before the Big Bang. Or, another suggestion is that the hypothetical black hole was a remnant of the universe that existed before our universe. The multiverse model explains the space as a dimension where Big Bangs happen all the time. And universes form in the crossing points of other universes' radiation. That radiation pushes particles or wave movement into the points where their gravitational effect starts to form new universes. 

But proving that the model is not a very easy thing. If there is material outside the universe, that material is so cold that we cannot see it. But the multiverse is a logical conclusion that begins from the galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The idea is that the universe itself is part of a larger entirety. But then we face another way to answer the problem of where everything came from. That answer is written in a very incomplete Brane theory. The idea is that the dimension or third dimension simply collapsed. That opened the channel from the fourth dimension straight to the second dimension. That energy channel formed the event called the Big Bang. If that model can be true the 3D material cannot close that channel because its energy level is too high. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/ghost-particles-that-could-snap-string-theory

https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/things-know-can-data-large-hadron-collider-snap-string-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

Astronomers found the missing material of the universe.

 

"A simulation of the ‘cosmic web’, the vast network of threads and filaments that extends throughout the Universe. Stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters spring to life in the densest knots of this web, and remain connected by vast threads that stretch out for many millions of light-years. These threads are invisible to the eye, but can be uncovered by telescopes such as ESA’s XMM-Newton. Credit: Illustris Collaboration / Illustris Simulation" (ScitchDaily, Astronomers Find Universe’s “Missing” Matter)

 Can energy that travels out from the cosmic web explain dark energy? 

Most of the visible material in the universe is in the cosmic web or cosmic neural structure. The energy level of that material is higher than its environment. And that makes it hard to detect material from around that structure, whose shine covers the colder material under it. The material outside the cosmic superstructure is invisible because its energy level is lower than material that is in the cosmic superstructure.

That can mean that this energy flow out from that superstructure can explain dark energy. When energy travels out from that cosmic superstructure that means that energy flow pushes particles and smaller structures away from that energy flow. There is a lot of energy that travels out from that structure. And that energy can blow the universe larger. 

The cosmic web which is the largest known megastructure is the chain of galaxy superclusters. Energy level in that structure is higher than in its environment. And that means energy flows out from that supercluster. In this text, the term missing material means baryonic material. Dark matter is a little bit harder to describe because dark matter interacts with gravity. So there should also be more dark matter in galaxies and their halos. But the problem is that nobody has seen dark matter particles. 

The missing material in the universe was found in intergalactic space. We know that galaxies are in the middle of the material halos. And there are lots of baryonic materials between galaxies. So, why could we not find that material earlier? Galaxies and their halos form the light pollution as well as cities form on Earth. The halo around galaxies and galaxies themselves are much brighter or their energy level is higher than the material between galaxies. And the other thing is that other galaxies are like a very bright light in the dark night. So, we can think of the intergalactic material as fog. 

We are observers who stand in the bright field. There are bright traffic lights all around us. The light pollution from Earth, the sun, and other stars covers the intergalactic material under it. And then we want to observe thin fog. That light pollution denies that thing. When we think about the situations in the space between galaxies and galaxy clusters, and especially outside galaxy superclusters we can say that there is a lot of missing material outside the structures. The brightness of those objects prevents us from seeing most of the baryonic material in the universe. 

The material between galactic superclusters might be even colder than the material between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy. And that makes it almost impossible to detect that missing material. Galaxies, galactic clusters, and mega clusters form light and energy that turns the gas in those structures and superstructures more a higher energy level than gas outside the galactic superclusters. So maybe we will not even detect that very low-energy material. Because energy always travels from higher- to lower energy levels that means that material is not easy to detect. 

Light and other energy act like fog between that material and humans. The particles that are in the galactic superclusters reflect wave movement that makes it hard to see material around that energy bubble. The difference between energy levels in the galactic superclusters and the space around them must not be high. The thing that is enough is that the energy level is higher. 

The temperature of the gas outside the galactic superclusters can be the coldest in the universe. The weak radiation from distant objects covers the material from the observers. So, that causes a model where most of the baryonic material in the universe exists, not in galaxy clusters or superclusters. That material can exist in the space between the galactic superclusters. And in induction speculations, we can think that there is a lot more material outside the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-find-universes-missing-matter/

The new model for prime numbers.

Prime numbers play a vital role in cryptology. The cryptological process requires big numbers. There is always the possibility that the number is virtually big. The system can divide those big numbers to smaller and that makes it possible to crack the code. The prime number is divided by 1 and itself. That makes it impossible to find the smallest possible factor in the number. If the attacking system finds that the smallest known common factor it makes easy to crack the message. If the number that the system uses to encrypt messages is pairer the system can simply use the 2 and then count it with itself to find the right number. 

There is a possibility that prime numbers involve secret code. If that code exist there is the possibility to calculate the series of the prime numbers very fast. Prime numbers require that the attacking system must always generate the entire number. And today the system uses the Riemann zeta function for that purpose. 

The problem with that function is it always gives the same prime number points. When the system drives Riemann zeta function, known as the Riemann conjecture, there are always certain points that the function gives. The attacking system can create the right prime number simply using the more powerful systems. And the AI driven neural network can make that attack quite fast, if it begins to create the right prime number by using the certain point of the number series that  Riemann Conjecture created. So, there must be some more effective way to find the right prime number. Or there must be a method that doesn’t depend on the Riemann Zeta function. 

There is a possibility to increase the encryption safety by using the multi stage encryption. When the data travels through one encryption line that line counts those ASCII numbers using the quantum decimal prime numbers. Those extremely long decimal prime numbers that are many times counted to the ASCII codes can make the message safer. The other way is to share those ASCII numbers to smaller series like series that involve three numbers. That makes the attacker to detect the data from those 3 number series.  

Above: Riemann Zeta function

Researchers uncovered the connection between prime numbers and the integer partitions. Those two things might not seem to have any connection. But mathematicians found that there is a connection. Before this and Riemann's zeta function there was a method to detect and identify the prime numbers. 

“To appreciate the significance of this breakthrough, we must journey back to the third century BCE. It was then that the Greek scholar Eratosthenes devised an elegantly simple method to identify prime numbers—known today as the “Sieve of Eratosthenes.” This technique involves systematically eliminating the multiples of each integer, leaving only those that remain indomitable: the primes. “ 

“Despite its antiquity, the sieve remains one of the most effective tools for sifting through these unique integers. This enduring relevance underscores the complexity of the problem at hand: even after more than 2,000 years of research, no straightforward algorithm or universal formula can predict where the next prime number will appear.” (Sustainability Times, “Prime Numbers Had a Hidden Code”: Mathematician Cracks 2,000-Year-Old Mystery That Could Rewrite Number Theory)

“This ancient method highlights the persistent challenge prime numbers pose. While it is a rudimentary yet powerful tool, the quest to fully comprehend primes continues, emphasizing their profound mystery and significance in mathematics.” (Sustainability Times, “Prime Numbers Had a Hidden Code”: Mathematician Cracks 2,000-Year-Old Mystery That Could Rewrite Number Theory)

When we think about the number theorem and other kinds of things we must realize that the prime numbers have one rule. That rule is that the prime number is unpaired. That means it will always end in numbers 0,1,3,(5), 7, 9. Five is in brackets because there is a big possibility that the number that ends to five is composite to five like 15.  That means if the number is a prime number it must not end in a pair. There is also risk with 9 that it can divide by using number 3. The 9 is not a prime number alone. 

The other rule is that there should not be series like 222 or 555. And the number must not involve sequences like 1313. Those rules are made to determine the prime number. If there are repeating  sequences, the same number or the number is pairer it is not prime number. The prime numbers are required in cryptology. The system generates a long and big number that it uses for encrypting data. The encryption process means that the ASCII number of the letter or number will count by using that prime number. And if an attacker finds that number the defender is in trouble. There is a possibility to increase layers to the encryption process. But that thing requires more powerful machines. Or it requires the new types of encryption systems. 

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/riemann-zeta-function/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/prime-numbers-had-a-hidden-code-mathematician-cracks-2000-year-old-mystery-that-could-rewrite-number-theory/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

The gluon and strong nuclear interaction.

  

 (Wikipedia, Color charge)

There is a possibility that dark matter is a particle that has no color charge. Maybe, those particles can form in cases where particles with the same quantum color like green and anti-green impact each other. That thing can also explain dark energy. The particles that have the same quantum color impact with their mirror particle, or particles that have the mirror color or anti-color annihilate. 

So in the case of gluons with green and anti-green impacts, that thing should neutralize their color. That turns those particles colorless. If a particle loses its color it turns invisible. The grey or colorless particle can push quantum fields around it. Same way if the gluon has the same quantum color as the quark that it impacts it causes a repel effect. The idea is that as an example green field surrounds a green quark. And if the green gluon impacts that field it pushes it away from around it. That forms the crater in that field. When the field returns to that crater the impact forms an energy point and pushes the quark forward. If the gluon with blue color charge closes the same field that pulls the field to that thing. 

The gluon has a quantum color like anti-blue and green. That means that the gluon’s color charge is a superposition of color and anti-color. Normally gluons cannot have the quantum colors green and anti-green because those mirror quantum colors neutralize each other. That thing forms the particle that has no color charge. And sometimes it is introduced that dark matter can be a particle with the same quantum charge as green and anti-green. When mirror colors are impacting that means those quantum colors neutralize each other. The neutralization process is quite similar to annihilation where a particle and its antiparticle pair turn into energy. 

***********************************************

"Fields due to color charges of quarks (G is the gluon field strength tensor) in "colorless" combinations.

Top: Color charge has "ternary neutral states" as well as binary neutrality (analogous to electric charge).

Bottom: Quark/antiquark combinatio". (Wikipedia, Color charge)

***********************************************

The gluon can be the particle that has two heads like green and anti-blue. That means there is a possibility that a gluon interacts with its environment in a similar way to surfactants there are hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads. That interaction is on a much smaller scale than the molecule. When gluons' green heads turn to green quarks that thing causes a similar repel effect as electromagnetism. So the quantum color determines whether the gluon can turn into it. 

When we think about the scale that the gluon acts on we can think about the situation where the gluon with an example green quantum color hits the quark with anti-green quantum charge. That can cause “lightning” but the particle can remain. But it loses a little bit of its quantum color charge. 

That causes the idea that maybe there are two more quantum colors. Black and white. So, maybe the mysterious or mythical graviton has the black quantum color. The white is the colorless particle. But if the “black” quantum color exists that means the new natural interaction. So maybe black will be chosen to be the color of the fifth force transporter color. There is one model that can explain the graviton and why we cannot see that thing. The graviton itself would have the colorless quantum color. 

The quantum field goes past the particle. And that forms the quantum shadow into its other side. That colorless particle is very hard to detect in the field. In some other models, the graviton is like the stick; there is two particles connected with each other. They might have very weak quantum colors. When those particles orbit each other that causes a situation where those yet unknown particles bind energy into each other. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Hunting the fifth force.

"Physicists are pushing the boundaries of the Standard Model by investigating the possibility of a fifth fundamental force using ultra-precise measurements of calcium atoms. By comparing subtle energy shifts in isotopes, researchers hope to uncover signs of new physics that could help explain the universe’s hidden mass. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Close In on the Fifth Force That Could Unlock the Mystery of Dark Matter)

Researchers search for the fifth force. The fifth force can be the thing that we know as dark energy and dark matter. There are four known interactions or forces in the universe. Those forces are gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong nuclear interactions, or, forces. There is a possibility that the fifth force is the opposite of gravity. So that causes a question: can there be material without the fifth force? 

That fifth force can be the mirror-gravitation. Normal gravity has only pulling ability. And that means the fifth force can have only a pushing effect. There is a model that the color charge, or, using other words, we can say quantum colors can have similar interactions with the fifth force. 

The quantum color between gluons in the strong interaction can open the fifth force to us. That means there should be something that causes the repelling effect between quarks. The model goes like this. If we use the weak interaction as a model we can say that there are two gluons between quarks just like there are W and Z boson pairs between protons and neutrons. That gluon pair creates the quantum low pressure between those quarks. When those gluons orbit each other they simply harness energy fields into them. And then they transfer that energy into the quarks around them. That electromagnetic low-pressure can be the quantum gravity, or gravitational quantum dots. And the quantum gravity model goes like this: the gravity forms of the quantum dots and those quantum dots are entirely called gravity centers. The number and density of those quantum dots determine the strength of gravity. 

“Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue. Additionally, there are three "anti-colors", commonly called anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue. Unlike electric charge, color charge is never observed in nature: in all cases, red, green, and blue (or anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue) or any color and its anti-color combine to form a "color-neutral" system. For example, the three quarks making up any baryon universally have three different color charges, and the two quarks making up any meson universally have opposite color charges.” (Wikipedia, Color charge)

(Wikipedia, Color charge)

"An animation of the interaction inside a neutron. The gluons are represented as circles with the color charge in the center and the anti-color charge on the outside." (Wikipedia, Color charge)

“Quarks have a color charge of red, green, or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen, or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states that are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. “ (Wikipedia, Color charge)

When a quark takes enough energy it releases that energy as wave movement. That means the fifth force is the force that destroys the atoms. There is a possibility that somewhere is a force that interacts directly between quarks without gluons. Or there is also the possibility that quarks can repel gluons. And what happens if quarks push gluons away from their position? 

Can quantum color hide the fifth force? In quantum chromodynamics, CQD quarks and gluons have a so-called quantum color. Gluons can have one of three quantum colors blue, red, and green. Anti-quarks have opposite quantum colors anti-blue, anti-green, and anti-red. The strong interaction is the interaction between quarks and gluons. The gluon is the boson that connects the quarks together. And transmits the strong nuclear force. The gluon’s color charge is a little bit different from the quark’s color charge. 

The gluon’s color charge is a superposition of the quantum color and anti-color. The green and anti-green for example cannot form gluons, or they cannot exist in the same gluon.. So gluon has two heads, for example, blue and anti-green. So the quark is blue-antigreen. As you see in the diagram below. When we see that the blue quark emits the blue-antigreen gluon we can ask if the fifth force release happens in that process. 

This is why the strong nuclear interaction is also known as the color force. That color is similar to the electromagnetism in electrons. That means the quantum color is one thing that keeps quarks in their entirety called hadrons. In traditional models, the atom’s core and electron shell interactions are described as a whole. There is a possibility that the neutron’s interaction with electrons is different from that of protons. That means a neutron sends some kind of energy impulse to the electron and pushes it away. That means some of those quantum colors can interact with electrons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-close-in-on-the-fifth-force-that-could-unlock-the-mystery-of-dark-matter/

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/particle-physics/content-section-6.2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction