Dwarf planet Ceres could have a habitable past.

Dwarf planet Ceres could have a habitable past. 

"Dwarf planet Ceres is shown in these enhanced-color renderings that use images from NASA’s Dawn mission. New thermal and chemicals models that rely on the mission’s data indicate Ceres may have long ago had conditions suitable for life. NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA" (NASA/ NASA: Ceres May Have Had Long-Standing Energy to Fuel Habitability)

Dwarf planet Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt. And an interesting thing is that.  This dwarf planet consumes water ice. The more interesting detail on this dwarf planet's surface is Mt. Ceres. That cryovolcano tells astronomers. That there has been some kind of geological activity. And if Ceres has an internal thermal source that lasts long enough, that means that. Ceres might have a habitable past. And that causes questions about some kind of bacteria that could live in that frozen world’s oceans. 

The fact about those kinds of questions is this: Ceres should have an internal thermal source, or something outside affects. That effect must keep Ceres’s oceans liquid as long as those bacteria could form. There are many great secrets in our universe and in our solar system. Ceres is covered in grey dust, but there are white spots on that dwarf planet’s shell. Those spots might be impact craters that open the dwarf planet's inner structures for researchers. There are organic compounds on Ceres. 

(https://www.sciencealert.com/asteroid-belts-largest-object-could-have-once-supported-life)

But that doesn’t mean that there was life. Organic compounds mean complicated carbon-based molecules. Those things tell that. There is a possibility. That some kind of lifeforms could form on, or in, Ceres. But those organic compounds can form for other reasons. That means there is no need to be bacteria. That those chemical compounds are formed. In some models, Ceres could be near some gas giants like Jupiter. 

The water ice layer on that dwarf planet hides its internal structures and chemical fingerprints from researchers. If researchers could compile those chemical fingerprints. With the other three large asteroids, Vesta, Juno, and Pallas. That uncovers many interesting things about those asteroids' origins. And maybe that chemical comparison can prove one very interesting theory right or wrong. There is a theory that those four large asteroids were someday part of a large planet. 

Collisions in the young solar system smashed some planets into pieces. An interesting thing could prove the question: what if those four asteroids Ceres, Vesta, Juno, and Pallas could have their origin in the same mass? There have been many planets in the young solar system that the cosmic collisions wiped away. Planets like Mars lost their outer shell many more times than once.  There is a theory that a cosmic impact formed the Moon to orbit Earth. The Moon’s formation is unknown, but there are two major versions of that process.

One is that centrifugal forces pull the Moon away from Earth. Another one is about a Mars-sized protoplanet called Theia. Impacted Earth. And that separated the Moon. There is also the possibility that Theia. And the centrifugal effect formed the moon. There are remnants of impacts in Earth's mantle. But that doesn’t mean that those impacts formed the Moon. But in some models, in the very beginning of the solar system. 

Earth was far bigger than it is now. The cosmic impacts threw the lava droplets into space. While the Earth was not solidified. When the young Earth is impacted by larger objects, the liquid planet’s elasticity saves Earth. If Earth were solidified, the shockwaves would break its shell and break the entire planet into pieces. Remnants of those impactors can be seen in Earth's mantle as bubbles with a different density from other magma. 

https://www.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/nasa-ceres-may-have-had-long-standing-energy-to-fuel-habitability/

https://www.sciencealert.com/asteroid-belts-largest-object-could-have-once-supported-life

https://scitechdaily.com/dawn-reveals-surprisingly-high-concentrations-organic-material-on-ceres/

https://scitechdaily.com/hidden-organic-reservoirs-found-on-ceres-igniting-hopes-for-alien-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia_(hypothetical_planet)

Dark dwarfs can get their energy from dark matter.

 Dark dwarfs can get their energy from dark matter. 

"Mysterious “dark dwarfs” may glow eternally by burning invisible dark matter — and spotting them could finally crack one of the universe’s greatest mysteries. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com"(ScitechDaily, These Stars Don’t Burn – They Annihilate Dark Matter)

Astronomers may have discovered a whole new type of star — mysterious “dark dwarfs” that could glow forever by feeding on dark matter, the invisible substance thought to make up most of the universe. Unlike ordinary stars that burn nuclear fuel, these strange objects might be powered by annihilating dark matter particles, creating an eternal source of light. (ScitechDaily, These Stars Don’t Burn – They Annihilate Dark Matter)

In some hypotheses, Dark matter particle collisions are a dark energy sources. The gravitational center can collect those particles, but the object must have a certain density so that it can bind that dark energy. Another version is that the energy density in dark energy must be high enough. It can interact with visible material. Dark matter has a gravitational interaction. With visible matter. That means the gravity center can collect dark matter into them. And that can make those objects shine. 

And if dark dwarfs or dark stars annihilate dark matter, that means they form dark energy. Or change dark matter particles, hypothetical Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, WIMPs, or axions into dark energy. 

Dark Dwarfs are hypothetical forms of brown dwarfs. That kind of object can pull dark matter inside it. And start to get its energy from hypothetical dark matter particle impacts. There is a possibility that dark dwarfs can get their energy from dark matter. And if those things exist, they can be the eternal glow in the universe. But could those dark dwarves exist forever? That depends on one thing: does dark matter exist, depending on the visible matter, and visible particles? Or is dark matter formed in some independent process? 

Dark dwarfs are things that can form from brown dwarfs. Those brown dwarfs can pull dark matter particles into their core. All known gravitational centers can pull dark matter inside them. But how dense the object must be that it can start to glow because of dark energy. Hypothetical dark matter particles can form dark energy. When they collide with each other. The object must be very dense so that it can harness dark energy. 

Or could dark matter exist even before the visible matter formed in the event, or series of events, called the Big Bang? If dark matter formed in the Big Bang, that means its existence depends on the visible universe. But then, if we think about those hypothetical dark dwarfs, we face a situation where the small brown dwarf can start to pull dark matter particles, hypothetical axions, or WIMPS into its core. There, those WIMPs or axions interact with other WIMPs and axions. 

That causes annihilation or some kind of fusion between those particles. And then that makes those dark dwarves shine. Another question is this: can the dark matter annihilation form dark energy, or could the product of that reaction be the visible energy? That means dark matter fusion. or annihilation or WIMP impacts form dark energy. But then. We can think about cases like black holes. Near black holes, the dark energy density can be high enough. It can start interacting with visible particles or wave movement. 

And maybe dark energy and dark matter give at least part of the black hole’s energy. There is one way to transform dark energy into visible energy, and that method is to create a dark energy soliton. The dark energy soliton would be like all other solitons. It packs wave movement. Into one point. That increases the wave movement energy level and, in the same way, raises the wave height. And that means the dark energy solitons can also interact with their environment. Could some dark matter particles be some kind of solitons?  That explains why we cannot see those objects. 

https://www.durham.ac.uk/news-events/latest-news/2025/07/mysterious-dark-dwarfs-may-be-hiding-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/

https://scitechdaily.com/these-stars-dont-burn-they-annihilate-dark-matter/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Uranus’ new moon and suspicion of Planet Y.

   Uranus’ new moon and suspicion of Planet Y. 

“James Webb has revealed Uranus’ smallest moon yet, a six-mile-wide world hidden near its inner rings. This discovery pushes the planet’s moon count to 29 and shows how Webb can uncover secrets Voyager 2 never saw. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, M. El Moutamid (SwRI), M. Hedman (University of Idaho)” (ScitechDaily, Uranus Has a Tiny New Moon and It’s Only Six Miles Wide)

JWST found a new moon called S/2025 U 1 near Uranus. Did the Uranus planet capture its tiny, newfound moon after the Voyager 2 flyby in 1986? The width of that moon is about 6 miles. And it is hidden in Uranus' inner rings. 

Researchers noticed the new moon that orbits Uranus. That tiny moon is interesting. Because Earth-based instruments found it. That new Uranus moon is not a very big object.  But it's remarkable, and the interesting thing. But I think that researchers should have found that moon before. So, could that small moon have made a transit movement to orbit the Uranus planet in the near past? That means something pulled that moon out from the Kuiper Belt.

In this hypothesis, that is the new moon for that gas giant. Something in the Kuiper Belt pushed that thing out from its trajectory. That new moon called S/2025 U 1 is the new moon for the Uranus moon family. And that tiny moon, which is only six miles wide, orbits near that planet. The Voyager spacecraft should have found that tiny moon during its flyby in 1986. So that supports the model that Uranus captured that moon after the Voyager flyby.

“A new SwRI-led JWST survey discovered S/2025 U 1 (approximate location indicated in yellow), a tiny moon orbiting Uranus between the satellites Bianca and Ophelia. If it has an albedo comparable to other nearby moons, this object is probably around six miles in diameter, by far the smallest moon in the Uranus system to date. The solid ellipses indicate rings, while the dotted lines show the orbits of many of the inner moons. Credit: Public Domain” (SwRI), M. Hedman (University of Idaho)” (ScitechDaily, Uranus Has a Tiny New Moon and It’s Only Six Miles Wide)

Forget planet X, there might be a planet Y in the Kuiper Belt. 

Above: Why is there no dust on the white snow area on Pluto? That tells us that the white snow area is born recently. Or something pulls particles out from that. 

Some people believe that there is a planet X, or the ninth planet, somewhere, outside Pluto’s orbit. Planet 9 is a very well-known theory. There is a suggestion that Planet 9 is about three to seven times as massive as Earth. And that orbits the sun at the edge of the solar system’s gravitational pool. There can be something smaller, an Earth-size icy world hiding in the Kuiper Belt. Or outside it. Planet Y is not such a well-known theory. Than the Planet 9. 

The white area on Pluto’s surface can be a cryovolcano or a result of the recent cryovolcanism-type seismic effect. That thing can form because of the Charon-moon gravity. But there is another possibility. Something far stronger than the gravity effect can cause tidal waves that activate the cryovolcanism. The thing. What makes that white area interesting is that. There seems to be no dust in that area. That means it formed quite recently. Pluto is far lighter than Earth. And that means Charon’s tidal forces are far stronger on that dwarf planet’s surface than they would be on Earth. 

"Three years after NASA's New Horizons spacecraft gave humankind our first close-up views of Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, scientists are still revealing the wonders of these incredible worlds in the outer solar system. Marking the anniversary of New Horizons' historic flight through the Pluto system on July 14, 2015, mission scientists released the highest-resolution color images of Pluto and Charon. These natural-color images result from refined calibration of data gathered by New Horizons' color Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC). (Wikipedia, Charon)

The processing creates images that would approximate the colors that the human eye would perceive, bringing them closer to “true color” than the images released near the encounter. This image was taken on July 14, 2015, from a range of 46,091 miles (74,176 kilometers). This single color MVIC scan includes no data from other New Horizons imagers or instruments added. The striking features on Charon are clearly visible, including the reddish north-polar region known as Mordor Macula." (Wikipedia, Charon)

Pluto has five known moons, and that makes the new Uranus moon very interesting. But could those moons common gravity effect be strong enough? To hover those particles out from Pluto's surface? Charon itself is grey, and it can be covered by cosmic dust. But was that moon once in the middle of the cosmic dust flow? And why do those particles not reach Pluto?

The problem is: why is there no visible cryovolcanism or cyoseismic effect in the images? Which New Horizons tool during its flyby? If that cryovolcanic effect happened only once. That would cause interesting thoughts. 

Researchers are finding tips that the large, maybe, Earth-mass planet can hide in the Kuiper Belt. That planet can be more interesting than Planet 9. Planet Y can give some answers to the Early solar system formation. But researchers need more evidence. To confirm the existence of this icy Earth. Maybe the Vera Rubin Observatory can give an answer for that question.  The researchers can use the accumulation of the dust and gas around hiding objects that could hide at the edge of the solar system. 

The problem is that those objects are very cold. And if they used their internal thermal source, those big planets can turn invisible to the IR sensors. But their gravitational effect can disturb their moons. Big and heavy objects capture smaller objects around them. And maybe the tidal forces can form the cyovolcanism in those small objects. The Kuiper Belt is a very stable environment. If there are big planets, their trajectories can be so far away from the Sun and other planets that they can escape from our solar system. 

https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/08/planet-y-haunting-space-beyond-neptune/

https://www.earth.com/news/planet-y-signs-of-a-world-hiding-in-our-solar-system/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2493480-there-might-be-a-planet-y-hiding-in-the-outer-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/uranus-has-a-tiny-new-moon-and-its-only-six-miles-wide/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

Can dark matter transform planets or red dwarfs into a black hole?

 Can dark matter transform planets or red dwarfs into a black hole? 

"Black hole inside? Exoplanet observations could provide a new way to search for superheavy dark matter. (Courtesy: NASA/JPL-Caltech)" (Physics world, Exoplanets suffering from a plague of dark matter could turn into black holes)

Theoretically, any object in the universe can transform into a black hole. That means dark matter can form a black hole like visible matter. Dark matter can also play a role in cases where small red dwarfs or planets turn into black holes. There are no observations about those planetary-sized black holes. But they can exist. 

Theoretically, black holes' relativistic jets. Or supernova explosions can turn a planet’s atmosphere into super-high temperatures. And this can cause energy to flow into the planet’s or a small star’s core. And if the gravity field travels to the front of the shockwave, that can cause a situation where the object just vanishes. 

Dark matter that travels into the small object’s core can pull that core into form. There, the self-sustaining nuclear fusion can begin. The mass of the star should be high enough that the whirls and entropy cannot break the fusion core. If the star is too light and fusion starts, it blows the star’s shell out. And that pulls the fusion core larger, causing energy loss. 

If a star is too heavy, the fusion that starts in the middle of it can be too strong. And that blows the star’s shell outside. The loss of energy causes a different situation. Gravity pulls the shell back into its form. And then the star turns into a black hole, immediately when its fusion begins. In the cases of the heaviest nebulae, the nebula can fall straight into the black hole. 

When we think about the possibility that dark matter can transform a planet into a black hole, that can happen in two ways.

1) The dark matter can move into the planet’s core and pull it into a black hole. 

2) Dark matter can form a plague on the planet’s shell. In that case, dark matter annihilation, or other interactions, can form dark energy. That dark energy that travels into the planet’s core can cause an implosion, where a small reflecting wave can make a small vacuum in the planet’s core. The idea is that dark matter doesn’t let energy travel out from that object. That can cause the planet to fall into a form. That we call a black hole. 

When a star forms, the energy level in its shell must be higher than in the core. Then that outside energy pushes particles into the form that fusion can begin. If that fusion is too strong, it detonates the star. When fusion ignites, the star blows a little bit of its mass away, and that forms rings around stars. That forms the asteroid belts around our sun. And that flash can form the situation that some other stars around that star also ignite. 

New theory suggests that dark matter can transform planets into black holes. In the original text, only giant planets are mentioned. Maybe dark matter particles can also transform less massive objects into black holes. The idea is simple. Dark matter interacts with other dark matter particles or “units”. We don’t know what dark matter is, so we could use the word “unit” to describe the dark matter centers. In this text, 'dark matter particles' refers to the same concept as the 'dark matter units”. 

We must realize that the electromagnetic fields near the gravity center are weaker than the outer shell of that field. And that makes the energy travel into the gravity center, taking particles with it. So, the idea is that dark matter units or particles can make the group or cloud. If the massive dark matter cloud travels into the planet’s core, that thing can cause the planet to collapse into a black hole. Dark matter can be massive particles that can cause a situation where the planet falls into a black hole. 

But what is dark matter, or some kind of condensed material impacts things like red dwarfs? That kind of condensed material can pull lots of energy out from that star. There is a possibility that a red dwarf will follow the route of the dark matter beam that travels to the black hole. That dwarf star can collect the dark matter in its core. And that can cause a fall into the black hole. Another scenario can be that. 

Condensed material can pull lots of energy out from a red dwarf. That can cause a situation where the red dwarf turns into a very low-energy form. If the red dwarf loses its energy production and its core turns into a too-low-energy form, the red dwarf can fall like all other stars. But can its mass and energy turn that object into a black hole? In that case, the object cannot explode if the nuclear fusion doesn’t ignite during the fall. 

The idea is that the dark matter can increase the weight of the planet’s core. Then the energy increases the planet’s atmospheric energy level. The super-hot atmosphere put energy to travel into the middle of the planet. Another model is that a planet or a small star can lose its core’s energy level. And that makes energy and matter fall into the middle of the planet. In the same way, extreme conditions near the center of Milky Way-type galaxies can cause a situation where even red or brown dwarfs start to glow hotter than they should. In that model, the density of the dark energy can cause a situation where Dark energy can make small stars glow hotter than they should. 

Can dark matter be the thing that makes the smallest known M-type stars create self-sustaining nuclear fusion? 

The dark matter interaction can also explain. Why some of the smallest known red dwarfs can maintain nuclear fusion. The idea is that the small protostar can pull dark matter into its nucleus, and that thing pulls the nucleus. And starts the nuclear fusion. 

Conditions near the galaxy center or near black holes are extremely. When a planet or a red dwarf loses energy from their core and their atmosphere turns into very high energy, that thing can push those objects into black holes. We know that dark matter is not homogeneously spread throughout the universe. There are points where the dark matter forms denser structures than at other points. So if the planet or red dwarf travels into the dark matter cloud. It can start to pull dark matter into it. 

Dark matter behaves like regular material, and that means it positions itself into a planet’s core, or a red dwarf's core. That can cause a situation where that planet or a small star collapses into a black hole. The thing that can press even a small planet into a black hole can be a situation where a condensed photon beam takes all the energy from the planet’s core. Then the high-energy shell and atmosphere press the planet into the singularity. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/exoplanets-suffering-from-a-plague-of-dark-matter-could-turn-into-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/can-dark-matter-turn-giant-planets-into-black-holes/

What if all we thought about dark matter is wrong?

  What if all we thought about dark matter is wrong? 

Above: Cosmic gamma-ray background.

So, what makes gravitational waves and gravitational fields move? That is the key question in dark matter research. There are suggestions that the gravitational effect that we know as “dark matter” can be quantum-sized black holes, or some kind of particles like axions. The problem is that nobody has seen any axion yet. And if somebody says that the still hypothetical free graviton particles are the thing that forms dark matter, the next question is: what are gravitons? Are they quantum-size black holes?

Gravitons are theoretical gravitation transporter particles. Those particles are things that cause gravitational waves moving. But another thing is that dark matter can be anything that we can imagine. The only known fact is this: there is some kind of gravitational effect whose origin is unknown. 

All four fundamental interactions are some kind of radiation. And each of those interactions has its own individual wavelength. Each fundamental interaction, gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism, has its own individual radiation type. 

Then we can think about the shape of materia. The particle is like a whisk. The strings that form the particle shell have a certain height. When a particle spins, it binds energy into it as kinetic energy. Sometimes a particle’s energy level turns higher than its environment. And in that moment particle sends waves. Those waves’ wavelength is the same as the particle’s diameter. But the height of those strings also causes limits in that interaction. Strings on the particle’s shell touch the field. Those strings are like flaps on paddlewheels. Their height determines the wave types that the particle can bind to. If those strings are high, that particle can bind a longer wavelength. 

There is one rule for interaction. Radiation or water must have access between those flaps. If the paddlewheel or propeller spins too fast, that causes an effect called supercavitation. The water has no time to fall between those flaps or between the propeller’s blades, which causes the paddle wheel or propeller to spin in a bubble. And that causes an interesting hypothesis. 

Could there be a particle that spins so fast that it causes supercavitation in the quantum fields? Can some particle spin so fast that it can make a cavitation bubble in the gravitational field? If that particle exists, that means gravitation will not affect that particle. Gravitation affects that particle’s quantum bubble. But it doesn’t affect the particle itself like other particles. If particle groups like hadrons spin very fast, their quarks can turn into a straight row. 

That spin can cause a situation where quantum fields or radiation travel to the axle of that particle row. And that can make the particle a hard target for observers. Fast spin can also throw radiation past the particle. This makes it invisible. But can that thing be possible with elementary particles? And can some particle throw gravitational radiation, or gravitational waves, past it? That causes an effect where gravitational waves slide over particles without causing interaction. But can this be true? Heaven knows. 

And in that case. Longer wavelengths. Like electromagnetism covers other, shorter wavelenght below them. That means electromagnetic force covers weak and strong nuclear forces. And gravity below it. If something pulls the G-field into something, that field pulls other fields to that particle. 

There is a possibility to press all parts of an atom into one entirety called a singularity. The reason why we cannot see the singularity is that its so smooth. Those superstrings on its surface are so low that they can bind only short-wave radiation. That means the particle will be surrounded by the standing gravity field. The singularity harnesses the G-field that transports other fields to the singularity.  How long will that singularity remain? As long as the outside fields can press that thing into one entirety. 

But there is a possibility that if the particle spins very fast. That causes a situation where longer wavelengths have no time to fall between those strings. That means the extremely fast-spinning particle drives fields past it like a stealth aircraft. The idea is that the G-field is the shortest wave radiation, and the fastest spinning objects can cause a situation where the only thing that can interact with that particle is the G-field. The G-field is the only thing that has time to fall between those strings. 

This causes another very interesting question. Can there be a so fast-spinning particle that even the gravity field, or G-field, has no time to fall between those strings? If that kind of particle exists. That would be the revolution for physics. 

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/what-if-weve-been-thinking-about-dark-matter-all-wrong-scientist-wonders

Little red dots and Eye of Sauron.

   Little red dots and Eye of Sauron. 

"Mysterious red galaxies from the universe’s dawn may trace back to rare, slow-spinning dark matter halos, creating extreme conditions that sparked rapid star or black hole growth. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Webb’s Mysterious “Little Red Dots” May Be the Cradle of the First Black Holes)

Little red dots at the edge of the Universe can be the shine of the first black holes in the universe. The dark matter puts those things to glow. There could be large skyrmions around those objects. When dark matter causes strong shockwaves around the universe. Maybe the dark matter halo forms high-energy radiation or dark energy waves around those objects. If that thing is right. Dark energy forms in dark matter interactions.  There can be so a high energy level in the dark energy radiation, dense material, and radiation fields around those black holes that the dark energy causes those fields to glow in red light. 

If that thing is true, those little red dots can open the mysteries of the Kugelbliz-black holes. Those black holes are predicted to form straight from the radiation. But how could that thing happen? The model goes like this. When two gravitational- or G-fields travel in opposite directions, that thing forms gravitons. Or, those opposite-direction traveling gravitational fields form whirls that form the gravitons. And then those gravitons start to pull each other. That thing forms more gravitons, hypothetical gravitation transporter particles, and when those gravitons travel together. That forms the kugelblitz-black hole. Gravitation is a wave movement. 

Miniature black holes can make interstellar travel and tractor beams possible. 

And that means those gravitons should be formed in the gravitational wave collisions, or maybe they form in whirls that form when two G-fields travel with opposite speeds. So, researchers can use the same models that were made for modeling hurricanes to model how those G-fields interact and how those kugelblitz black holes can form. The kugelblitz black holes are tools that can make interstellar travel possible. The black hole engine is a system where a black hole is in a chamber. And then the black hole’s relativistic jet pushes the craft ahead. 

The kugelblitz black holes can also make it possible to create the tractor beam. If somebody can control the miniature black holes in the chamber or control the direction of those black holes' relativistic jets, that person can create a tractor beam. The system turns the relativistic jet toward the target. And that makes those systems push things away. If the relativistic jet turns away from the object, the pulling effect of those black hole groups turns stronger than the pushing. But those things are futuristic visions. 

"Looking inside the plasma jet cone of the blazar PKS 1424+240 with a radio telescope of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Credit: NSF/AUI/NRAO/B. Saxton/Y.Y. Kovalev et al." (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Capture the “Eye of Sauron” Beaming at Earth)

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A glimpse into a galaxy’s core: Astronomers have captured a detailed image of the birthplace of a powerful cosmic jet. With its artificial colors, the view strikingly resembles the legendary “Eye of Sauron.”

The neutrino puzzle: PKS 1424+240 stands out as the brightest known source of neutrinos of its kind. Yet its jet seemed far too sluggish to account for the extreme neutrino emissions observed.

Magnetic spirals powering particles: After 15 years of careful observations with the Very Long Baseline Array, scientists have revealed the jet’s structure in unprecedented detail. The image shows ring-shaped, or toroidal, magnetic fields that act like a coiled spring, accelerating particles to extraordinary energies. This mechanism finally explains both the high-energy neutrinos and the gamma rays pouring from this blazar.

Eye of Sauron, or Sauron’s eye can uncover the secrets of black holes. And the key question is: can the black hole be the supersolid form of the gravitational waves? 

(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Capture the “Eye of Sauron” Beaming at Earth)

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Eye of Sauron is the blazar to which a relativistic jet travels straight to Earth. So we can see straight through that structure. These kinds of things can uncover very strong interactions near black holes and their material disks. The Souron’s eye can also uncover things about the Einstein-Rosen bridge. Researchers can also investigate how the relativistic jet affects time. 

And maybe those things can tell us. About the strange world near black holes. The black hole's relativistic jet and material disk can cause situations where stars and planets explode, or those things can also press a planet into the black hole. The black hole caused the supernova to detonate twice. And that thing can tell us about things like how black holes interact with their environment. Black holes are things that create the material disk around them. That material disk is a little bit similar to a skyrmion. Skyrmions form around extremely low-energy particles. 

"Artistic depiction of the explosive interaction between the black hole and the massive nearby star (blue). As the separation between the star and the black hole decreased, the black hole’s intense gravity pulled gas and dust off of the star into a disk. Before the star was able to swallow the black hole, gravitational stress from the black hole triggered the star’s explosion. Collisions between the stellar explosion and shells of material from earlier interactions located above and below the disk, powered a dramatic re-brightening event. Credit: Melissa Weiss/CfA" (ScitecDaily, AI Captures Once-in-a-Lifetime Supernova That Glowed Twice)

Can denying the particle’s evaporation change into wave movement, deny the form of the gravitational effect? 

Those particles are actually a Bose-Einstein condensate. When energy starts to flow to those particles, that thing creates an energy ring around the particle. That means a skyrmion is like the energy ring around the object. That causes an interesting idea about gravity. If we think that the black hole is a gravitational soliton, then there should be gravitational skyrmions somewhere in the universe. And when we think of the case where the light turned into a supersolid form, we can think that maybe somewhere in the universe can be a gravitational soliton. That kind of effect, where the gravitational field turns into a supersolid form, could explain why gravitation behaves as it does. 

When a black hole evaporates or sends gravitational waves. That thing makes a similar effect to what ice makes when it melts. When a black hole sends gravitational waves, it causes a situation where other fields are traveling into it. Without that evaporation, the black hole will not pull things inside it. When ice melts, that thing requires energy that travels to the ice from the air around it. Same way, black hole evaporation pulls or binds energy from around it. 

And that energy that travels to a black hole is the thing. That pulls particles and waves into it. Without evaporation, the quantum fields will not travel to the black hole. So if we transform the idea that material evaporation or turning into wave movement causes a gravity effect, we could deny that effect by pumping energy to particles. And denying their chance at a wave movement. If matter doesn’t vaporize, there is no gravity. This is this model’s idea. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-captures-once-in-a-lifetime-supernova-that-glowed-twice/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-capture-the-eye-of-sauron-beaming-at-earth/

https://scitechdaily.com/webbs-mysterious-little-red-dots-may-be-the-cradle-of-the-first-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_skyrmion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrmion

Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information.

    Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information. 

"Artist’s conception of a supermassive black hole, billions of times more massive than the sun, like those found at the centers of galaxies. The black hole’s rapid spin and powerful magnetic fields can launch enormous jets of plasma into space, a process that could potentially generate the same results as human-made supercolliders. Credit: Roberto Molar Candanosa/Johns Hopkins University" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Eye Black Holes as Cosmic Supercolliders in the Hunt for Dark Matter)

At the beginning of time, before our universe, only a G-field, or gravitational field, existed. Then, there formed some kind of whirls in that G-field. Those hypothetical whirls were gravitons. The idea is that the hypothetical graviton particle is a stick-shaped structure, a particle that forms from the quantum field. 

The form of the hypothetical graviton particle could be like tornado. So are the graviton and another hypothetical particle, axion the same thing? The idea is that we cannot see axions because their spin is so fast that it creates fields around them in the shape that looks a little bit like a black hole. 

The idea is that the graviton is so smooth that it cannot take outside fields inside it. And then it starts to transport those fields into its spin axle. So could that thing also explain dark energy? Graviton pulls energy from around it. That particle binds that energy inside in the form of kinetic energy and then aims it to the spin axle. That particle looks like a black hole. The particle collects energy until its energy level turns so high that energy can start to travel outside the particle or quantum field that surrounds it. 

When the mass or kinetic energy of a particle grows, it pulls material and quantum fields from larger areas into it. That thing locks black holes into their form. If that whirl vanishes black hole erupts immediately. That whirl denies the energy escaping from the particle’s or objects' equator. And that is the thing that creates the black hole’s relativistic jet. 

Black holes pull information inside them. Or if we think carefully, black hole rolls information from its environment around its spin axle. That means there is possibility to release that information. There is a question of whether information exists without a physical form. So if we think that information is wave movement, we must ask can information travel without superstrings or does it need superstring for existence. Information will be stored in quantum fields and particles as in curves. That should not be erased even in black holes. Those curves, or “mountains” and “valleys” can turn so low that they are hard to detect. 

But theoretically is possible to restore, or recalculate information that black hole stored. When black hole pulls quantum field, and information that quantum field carries inside it, we can think that the process is similar when something rolls paper around axle. The paper forms the roll, and it's possible to roll that paper from the axle. This is the thing. That makes the black hole collisions interesting. There is a possibility that during those events, the black hole can pull information out from another black hole. And possible somday we could decode that information. 

Researchers uncovered a hidden symphony in a black hole hidden vibrations. And that might help them to read information. That the black hole stored. 

"Black holes don’t just warp space, they sing. And now, for the first time, we’ve figured out what their cosmic echoes really sound like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover the Spiraling Symphony Hidden in Black Hole Vibrations)

Another interesting thing in the universe are very old, large black holes. The biggest black holes formed in the early universe. Those monsters lost their mass after that. The reason for this is the expansion of the universe. Or, otherwise, weakening quantum fields and decreasing the number of particles. This thing tells. The universe expands. Or does it? There is another explanation for that thing. This very radical theory goes like this: the black hole is a more common phenomenon in the universe than we expected. And the black holes that are “sleeping” simply pull particles and quantum fields inside them. If those black holes exist between galaxies, they are very hard to detect. 

If all electromagnetic fields and particles are formed after the Big Bang, or the beginning of the universe, that means that when black holes pull those fields and particles inside them, there are fewer particles and fields left in the universe. So, can we see that effect as an expansion of the universe? There is a possibility that only the G-field existed before the Big Bang. And that field formed all other quantum fields. But we know that black holes are massive objects. There are black holes between galaxies. And black holes can collact particles to around them. 

That means that the dark matter should interact with black holes. And maybe that thing helps to find things like axions. Axions are hypothetical dark matter particles. Sometimes is introduced that axions are particles that spin very fast. That thing means that the axion can be like a stick or some kind of rugby ball. So, that means that. Maybe near black holes, regular particles could turn into axions. When a particle's spin accelerates, it binds energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. During that process, the outside quantum fields travel to that particle. 

And press it into a smaller size. If we think that particle is a whisk-shaped superstring stucture when outcoming quantum field pushes particle into a smaller size, those superstrings turn closer to each other. If those superstrings turn close enough to each oher. That turns the particle very smooth. And that means the quantum fields travel around the particle. The quantum fields that travel to the particle’s poles will start to travel out from the particle along its spin axis. That thing means that the particle starts stretching. 

And then it starts to transport the quantum field out from its spin axle. If some stick-shaped, fast-spinning particles form black holes, that means that the black hole will not pull things inside it. It just accelerates and aims fields form around it. That thing explains the black hole relativistic jet. That causes the idea. That maybe hypothetical gravitons are axions. Maybe. The graviton is like a tornado in the G-field.  As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-radio-signals-reveal-whats-hiding-between-galaxies/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-eye-black-holes-as-cosmic-supercolliders-in-the-hunt-for-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-the-spiraling-symphony-hidden-in-black-hole-vibrations/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-spots-oldest-black-hole-shattering-cosmic-records/

An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system.

   An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system. 

"This artist’s illustration shows an Ultra-Short Period (USP) planet orbiting its star. A newly-discovered USP runs the risk of either being torn to pieces by its star or being sucked in and destroyed. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Schaller (for STScI)" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

Nothing is forever in the universe. 

Researchers noticed that the K-type orange star’s TOI-2431b is closing its star. And that earth-size exoplanet is going to its destruction. That exoplanet is an example that if a planet orbits too close to a small star can cause a situation. The planet starts to fall into the star. The small stars have one problem. Their gravity is weak. That means they cannot stabilize their solar system in the same way as bigger stars. In small star systems, the smaller objects can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. An interesting detail is that TOI-2431 is a K-type orange star. But maybe those destructions are more common in the universe than nobody expected. 

In the universe, most stars are red dwarfs. Those stars are very light, and that means their solar systems are smaller than our solar system. Those stars’ weak gravity means that red dwarfs’ planets must orbit very close to their stars. The close distance causes danger than when something like a meteorite. That comes out from those solar systems pushes their planet to a red dwarf. 

And that can cause a situation where the planet impacts the red dwarf. Those planets can follow a spiral trajectory, and sooner or later. Those planets will change their orbital period into ultra-short-period planets (USP). Then the tidal forces from a red dwarf can rip them into pieces. Or they impact the host star. This is the thing in all gravitational centers in the universe. 

The red dwarf and its planetary system can pull other objects to them from a long distance. That means the lonely red dwarfs are more at risk of facing those cosmic intruders than red dwarfs that are near some larger stars. The lonely red dwarf pulls objects straight to its system. But in cases like Proxima Centauri, the dominating binary star can pull those particles into its solar system. And that protects Proxima’s planets from cosmic impacts. 

"This figure from the research shows that among USP planets, TOI-2431 b has the shortest timescale until tidal disruption of ∼31 Myr. Credit: Tas et al. 2025 A&A" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

The reason why red dwarf systems are a riskier place for cosmic impacts than our solar system is this. Those solar systems are very small. These planets are closer to each other than in our solar system. The red dwarf is more dominant than the Sun. When an object like a comet or asteroid comes to our solar system from outside the Kuiper Belt, that object must travel longer time. There are four massive gas giants on its journey, and they can pull that intruder into their gravity fields. In small solar systems, planets are closer to their sun. There might not be dominant planets like Jupiter. 

The object comes straight to the system, and those giant gas planets do not have the same time to curve the cosmic visitor's trajectory as Jupiter and other gas planets have in our solar system.  When those cosmic intruders come to the solar system that fits inside Mercury’s trajectory, that thing has no time to change its course.  In those small solar systems, the horizontal gravity effect has no time to affect the trajectories of high-speed objects. 

Because planets are closer to the cosmic intruder, they have a higher chance of hitting it than in our solar system. The main thing is that. The red dwarf is lighter than the sun. It cannot stabilize its solar system same way as the Sun. And if there are gas giants and rocky planets in the same red dwarf solar system, the rocky planet is on the opposite side of the red dwarf to the Earth-sized exoplanet. Then the common gravity effect of those objects can pull one or more smaller planets from their trajectory. That can cause a situation where those planets fall into the red dwarf. 

Same way. The rogue planet that passes the red dwarf can pull those planets into that star. Things like ion beams or interstellar shockwaves can push those small stars’ planets out of their trajectory. Red dwarf systems are not as stable as larger stars’ solar systems. Those planets are orbiting closer to the lightweight star. And that means the smaller things in those systems can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. If a Jupiter-size planet goes behind the sun, that thing has a smaller effect on Earth than if a similar planet goes behind the red dwarf that Earth-size exoplanets orbit. 

Rogue planets that travel all around the universe, out from their solar systems, can pull other particles into them. And that can cause multiple impacts to those planets that escaped from their solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/this-earth-sized-exoplanet-is-racing-toward-its-own-destruction/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-2431_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet

There are probably life-building blocks on the Titan moon.

  There are probably life-building blocks on the Titan moon.

"New NASA research suggests Titan’s icy lakes might produce natural cell-like structures, offering fresh insight into how life could emerge in alien worlds. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Possible Building Blocks of Life on Saturn’s Moon Titan)

"Researchers propose that vesicles could form in Titan’s hydrocarbon lakes, hinting at a new pathway for life’s precursors. This expands the possibilities for where life might originate in the solar system." (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Possible Building Blocks of Life on Saturn’s Moon Titan)

Life's building block is not life. Those things are amino acids and other chemical compounds that the DNA and cells require for making their protein shells and other structures. They don’t mean life as we know it. 

There are possible life-building blocks on Saturn’s giant moon Titan. So, does that mean that there is life on that moon? A life-building block doesn’t necessarily mean that there are any kind of life forms. That means that there are chemical components required for the DNA molecule assembly process. So those building blocks are chemical compounds, not life in the form as we know it. Titan is too cold for similar active lifeforms that live on Earth. 

Chemical reactions on that moon are extremely slow. And an interesting question is this: are those chemical compounds formed on Titan, or are some kind of meteorites bringing them to that moon? The origin of those chemical compounds is also an interesting thing. 

We must realize one thing. Life can be far different from what we even expect. Another question is this: should we call the self-replicating molecules “life”?

That is one of the most interesting questions in the world of philosophy. The chemical compounds, like amino acids, are quite common things in the universe. And in the Kuiper Belt, in an absolutely freezing area, those chemical compounds can exist almost forever. The is a small possibility that some kind of cells or DNA, or RNA  can travel between stars and retain their ability to infect cells. In those cases, the cosmic ice bite will transport those cosmic viruses between the stars. At 0K, the chemical environment is very stable. 

The thing that determines if those kinds of molecules can remain in its form is the case that pushed it and the cosmic ice bite out from its solar system. The nova or supernova eruption causes a very high-level radiation burst. That can smash planets into pieces. But there is a small possibility that the DNA or RNA can keep its form during that radiation burst. So, can life travel between solar systems in the cosmic ice bite? That kind of ice bite is not yet found. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-unveils-possible-building-blocks-of-life-on-saturns-moon-titan/

The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

    The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

"Alpha Centauri A Planet Candidate"

"This artist’s concept shows what a gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple star system Alpha Centauri using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbiting the star by about two times the distance between the Sun and Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other Sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our Sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Robert L. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The planet candidate in the Alpha Centauri system is an interesting thing. The planet could be a Saturn-type gas giant in a very elliptic trajectory. Alpha Centauri is far brighter than Proxima Centauri, which orbits the binary star system 4 light-years from Earth. The JWST saw a structure that could be an exoplanet, but then it vanished. Maybe there was some kind of eruption in that solar system, and that covered the exoplanet behind it. The Alpha Centauri Ab can face a similar fate as Alpha Centauri Bb, which was a proposed exoplanet near Alpha Centauri B, that is the K-type star. 

There is not enough evidence of the existence of that exoplanet. But there is a possibility that there are many secrets in the Alpha Centauri system, which is the closest solar system, a triple-star system near Earth. The most interesting thing in exoplanet hunting is that those exoplanet candidates are found quite near to us. But if there are big exoplanets hiding in that solar system, that thing opens new paths to the exoplanet hunters. 

"This three-panel image captures NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s observational search for a planet around the nearest Sun-like star, Alpha Centauri A. The initial image shows the bright glare of Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, and the middle panel then shows the system with a coronagraphic mask placed over Alpha Centauri A to block its bright glare. However, the way the light bends around the edges of the coronagraph creates ripples of light in the surrounding space. " (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The telescope’s optics (its mirrors and support structures) cause some light to interfere with itself, producing circular and spoke-like patterns. These complex light patterns, along with light from the nearby Alpha Centauri B, make it incredibly difficult to spot faint planets. In the panel at the right, astronomers have subtracted the known patterns (using reference images and algorithms) to clean up the image and reveal faint sources like the candidate planet. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The existence of the planets in a triple star system in orbit that goes between those stars means that there could be many exoplanets waiting for their finder. Finding and confirming an exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system will be far, far more difficult than confirming exoplanets near red dwarfs. The last confirmed exoplanet near Proxima Centauri was found in 2022. And the first of that system’s planets was found in the year 2016. There is still, unconfirmed exoplanet candidate near Proxima. And another interesting thing is that astronomers could confirm exoplanets near Barnard’s Star this year. 

"This image shows the Alpha Centauri star system from several different ground- and space-based observatories: the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Alpha Centauri A is the third brightest star in the night sky, and the closest Sun-like star to Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The ground-based image from DSS shows the triple system as a single source of light, while Hubble resolves the two Sun-like stars in the system, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The image from Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which uses a coronagraphic mask to block the bright glare from Alpha Centauri A, reveals a potential planet orbiting the star. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

Those very dim and lightweight stars start to wobble if there is a small planet orbiting them. But the problem is that large gas giants can cover the changes that small planets cause to red dwarfs' characteristic movement  under their gravitational effect.  So the exoplanets near G- and K-type stars are far difficult to detect, because their brightness covers them. But also, even the most massive objects cannot cause a wobble in those stars' trajectory across the sky. But the exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system could be an interesting discovery. 

https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/proxima-centauri-a-turbulent-star-with-planetary-consequences

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-webb-may-have-found-a-planet-next-door-then-it-vanished/

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2025/news-2025-135

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Bb

Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away.

   Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away. 

"This artist's concept shows what the gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple-star system Alpha Centauri using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbits the star by about two times the distance between the sun and Earth. In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: : NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)" (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

"Now, Webb's observations from its Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) are providing the strongest evidence to date of a gas giant planet orbiting in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A. (The MIRI instrument was developed in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory [JPL], which is managed by Caltech for NASA). The habitable zone is the region around a star where temperatures could be right for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface." (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

The new Jupiter- or Saturn-type gas giant orbits Alpha Centauri A. That gas giant is interesting because its location is in the triple-star system. And another interesting thing is that. The exoplanet orbits the Alpha Centauri primary system. We have known for a while that there are two confirmed exoplanets and one exoplanet candidate around Proxima Centauri. But that new gas giant is something else. It orbits Alpha Centauri A, which is likely to be our Sun. And that raises the possibility of finding extraterrestrial life forms from the Alpha Centauri system.  

The fact is that we might not find exocivilization around those stars. And if there are no intelligent lifeforms on some planet, that makes it hard to detect those alien organisms. If those organisms are primitive caryotes, it is very hard to separate their metabolic products from those of other chemical reactions. If the planet is a so-called water world, its entire surface is covered by oceans. And those very primitive algae and bacteria can live in those oceans. 

The first organisms lived in the Earth's oceans. If alien prokaryotes are like the first prokaryotes that lived in the oceans, the atmosphere of the planet can be very hostile. There are many things. That determines whether the water world can support life. If the atmosphere is dense and the gravity is high, that means water cannot boil. 

There are creatures on Earth that can live in very high-temperature water near so-called hydrothermal vents. Those so-called black smokers are a volcanic eruption hole. 

"In contrast to the approximately 2 °C (36 °F) ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 °C (140 °F)[6] up to as high as 464 °C (867 °F). Due to the high hydrostatic pressure at these depths, water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures. The critical point of (pure) water is 375 °C (707 °F) at a pressure of 218 atmospheres."  (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The hydrothermal vents are recognized as a type of chemosynthetic based ecosystems (CBE) where primary productivity is fuelled by chemical compounds as energy sources instead of light (chemoautotrophy). Hydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food. " (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The water from the hydrothermal vent is rich in dissolved minerals and supports a large population of chemoautotrophic bacteria. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most known organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis." (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

The water can be at a very high temperature and support life, because it's in supercritical form. The high pressure and high gravity prevent the water from boiling. There are no bubbles in supercritical water. And that helps organisms survive near black smokers. 

We could see life's building blocks and things like carbon dioxide. But we would not see things like algae from the water planet. Another thing is that there may be no lifeforms in the gas giant's atmosphere. 

However, there is a possibility that those gas giants may have moons similar to Jupiter's Europa. Low gravity and low gas pressure can keep water liquid in low temperatures. So the habitable zone can be far different from what we used to think. Intelligent lifeforms probably don't form on those moons. But primitive algae and bacteria can live in those icy worlds. 

The water moon can host lifeforms like bacteria and algae. But those things are not easy to detect. The planetary models that astronomers use are made using our own solar system as a model. All gas giants in our solar system have moons. So maybe all other gas giants that orbit other than red dwarfs can have moons, or dwarf planets orbiting them. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/alpha-centauri-planet/

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-webb-finds-new-evidence-for-planet-around-closest-solar-twin/

https://phys.org/news/2025-08-evidence-planet-closest-sun-star.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c

Multiverse theory, reality, or simply an idea?

   Multiverse theory, reality, or simply an idea? 

Are parallel multiverses real or not? The answer is that we don't know. We have no observations about those things. And that means they are non-proven models or theories. Or, maybe we should call the multiverse: "logical continuum of the universe structures, or models". 

So, it's rather philosophy than a scientific theory. That model explains dark energy, dark matter, and other unknown things as the energy and particles that come from another universe. There are instances where the universe in which we live will fall back to a single point. And then form again. That model is called "phoenix universe". Or in some models, another universe exists in the fourth or higher dimensions. But those models are unproven.. And maybe they will be unproven forever. In some models, things like virtual reality are also part of the multiverse or parallel universe theories. 

Multiverse is the theoretical framework where the universe is introduced as one of many universes. Or is it even a theoretical framework? The fact is that there is no single evidence of that thing. So, the multiverse theory is rather a philosophical conjecture or, so-called, logical expansion of the observations that researchers made of the universe. That means that if we believe the universe is composed of galactic superclusters, other universes would be universe-scale superclusters or hyperclusters. 

The other universe would be so dim that we cannot see it. In that type of observation, stars and other structures in our universe deny that sensors can detect radiation that comes from other universes. If they even exist. And who cares if those other universes exist? The multiverse is one of the models that tries to explain where matter came to our universe. That model could explain where matter came to our universe. But it would not explain where material in other universes came from? 

But there is one very interesting model of the multiverse. That model tells us that maybe we live in a black hole. Those hypothetical models explain why we cannot see things outside the universe that the black hole's material disk and halo press all waves that come from outside into a straight form. That means that we cannot see information in that wave movement. That model means that there can be other universes in the black holes. 

Those things are the fourth dimension. So there is a theoretical model. The black holes involve structures that are like our universe. So, that is one of the models that are made to explain why the universe exists. And the universe is part of the system of internal black holes. That is one of the models of the multiverse theory. 

But does the time reverse destroy that model? If we think of internal black holes, there is a possibility that when information comes to the edge of the next black hole or black hole's event horizon, time starts to move oppositely. So that means every black hole causes time reversal. But does that thing cause retrocausality? The retrocausality means that reaction comes before action. 

Even if those particles turn younger. Don't mean that things start to happen backward. 

Retrocausality seems like somebody looks at the film backwards. Or, that's how we represent that thing. But the fact is that retrocausality is not seen in large-scale structures. That thing is seen only in the smallest subatomic particles and their superposition tests. 

But then we can imagine one of the most interesting things in the multiverse philosophy, or the multiverse hypothesis. That thing is the anti-universe. Time moves backward because the anti-universe is in the middle of the big crunch.  Because particles and quantum fields turn closer and fields turn denser, that means time moves backward in that hypothetical space. But that doesn't necessarily mean that there is retrocausality in that universe. Maybe all things happen the same way as on Earth. But particles turn younger. 

A hypothetical black hole in that hypothetical universe will be an interesting thing. The idea is that time turns to travel backward in the point of the event horizon. So, that means that if the black hole is in an anti-universe, time travels oppositely in that black hole. So if time travels backward in the space behind the event horizon. That means time travels like it does in our universe if time travels backward around the black hole. 

The anti-universe means the universe that falls to the Big Crunch. Because all fields turn denser and stronger, the black hole will expand all the time. That means there is a possibility that this theoretical black hole in the theoretical anti-universe will not send gravity waves, because an expanding event horizon will close gravity waves inside it. The anti-universe doesn't necessarily mean a universe that forms from antimatter. Antimatter is like regular matter otherwise. 

But antimatter electrons have positive and antimatter protons have negative electric polarity. The anti-neutron spin is opposite to that of the neutron.  When an antimatter particle touches its mirror particle, both of those particles turn into radiation in the violent reaction called annihilation. That is the most powerful reaction in the known universe. But otherwise, antimatter reacts the same way to gravity and other fields. Antimatter is planned to be used in spacecraft. Because. It gives a very strong energy load. But that's the own story. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/parallel-universes-multiverse-real/

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/james-webb-space-telescope/is-our-universe-trapped-inside-a-black-hole-this-james-webb-space-telescope-discovery-might-blow-your-mind

https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html

https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/the-multiverse-are-we-living-in-one-of-many

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality

Betelgeuse, Alpha Orionis, is a binary star.

"Using the NASA-NSF-funded ‘Alopeke instrument on the Gemini North telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, partly funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by NSF NOIRLab, astronomers have discovered a companion star in an incredibly tight orbit around Betelgeuse. This discovery answers the millennia-old question of why this famous star experiences a roughly six-year-long periodic change in its brightness, and provides insight into the physical mechanisms behind other variable red supergiants. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Image Processing: M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)" (ScitechDaily, After Decades of Searching, Astronomers Finally Spot Betelgeuse’s Elusive Companion Star)

The explanation for the strange changes in the famous red giant Betelgeuse's brightness has been solved. So, Betelgeuse is a binary star. That is the companion star. That star is quite bright, an A or B-type star. And that thing causes interesting theorems. What can we find around the well-known objects if we have new, more sensitive systems? New systems found things like a planetary system near Barnard's star. That means. We should remap also well-known stellar systems to find new interesting objects. 

The breakthrough is the well-known, elusive partner star of Betelgeuse, the giant red star. That means one of the most well-known objects in the universe has a hidden partner. That elusive partner has recently been found. Betelgeuse's brightness has covered that elusive partner under it. And the most modern tools needed to find that elusive star. The elusive partner star's life will not be long. The massive tidal forces of Betelgeuse can destroy that star in under 10000 years. 

"Astronomers have discovered a tightly orbiting companion star to Betelgeuse. This finding explains the star’s six-year brightness cycle and offers new insights into the behavior of other variable red supergiants. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Image Processing: M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)" (ScitechDaily, After Decades of Searching, Astronomers Finally Spot Betelgeuse’s Elusive Companion Star)

Stellar spectral classification. 

Maybe Betelgeuse trapped another star in its gravitational field. The Betelgeuse companion star is an A or B-type pre-main-sequence star. That means it was not born at the same time as Betelgeuse. The mass of that companion star is about 1,5 times that of the Sun. That companion star is not a dim object like a red dwarf. Maybe it's far dimmer than Betelgeuse, but it's brighter than the Sun. And that raises the question of what other objects are lurking in the universe?

The thing that makes this finding interesting and important is that. The new equipment gives new data from well-known objects. And that thing means that there are no "certain" things in the research. And that means there can be surprises also from well-known objects. There are many things. That disturbs observations. One of those things is the plasma bubble around our solar system. That very high temperature impact- plasma forms when the solar wind impacts particles from other stars. That plasma can disturb IR systems. And it can close some radio frequencies out from our solar system. 

https://earthsky.org/space/companion-for-betelgeuse-confirmed-famous-binaries/

https://scitechdaily.com/after-decades-of-searching-astronomers-finally-spot-betelgeuses-elusive-companion-star/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/astronomers-crack-1-000-year-old-betelgeuse-mystery-with-1st-ever-sighting-of-secret-companion-photo-video

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://thatsthenatureoftime.blogspot.com/

Are the “red little dots” in the young universe so-called quasi-stars?

"By all rights, they shouldn’t exist. When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) first opened its eyes to the distant past, it spotted hundreds of tiny, brilliant objects glowing red in the infant universe — just 600 million years after the Big Bang. These “little red dots,” as astronomers came to call them, gleamed with such surprising brightness and density that they seemed to defy the basic rules of cosmology."Mysterious red dots may be a peculiar cosmic hybrid between a star and a black hole."(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

Little red dots are the first star-shaped objects in the universe. There is a new theory that those little red dots can be so-called quasi-stars. Quasi-stars are hypothetical star-shaped objects that get their energy from the black hole inside them. But can those objects exist in the universe where we live? Or could they exist only in the young universe? 

The hypothetical quasi-stars are star-like objects that get their power from black holes inside them. The idea in quasi-stars is that those black holes can lock particles around the event horizon, forming objects that look like stars. For a long time, researchers thought that the quasi-stars could be very large stars. But there is one thing that makes those quasi-stars more interesting than ever before. That thing is the primordial black hole. In models, primordial black holes can be very small and lightweight. Those low-mass black holes can be very small. Also, things like black hole relativistic jets can press even planets into black holes. 

In Einstein’s models, every particle or object can turn into a black hole. That means there can be very small black holes. The smallest possible black holes, called quantum-size black holes, are quarks or gluons that energy presses into an extremely dense form. In some models, those quantum-size black holes can be in your room. They are so small that they cannot pull particles inside them. But there is a possibility that things like ultra-heavy neutron stars can involve black holes. 

(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

The hollow neutron shell can orbit the small black hole. The neutron structure will be locked around the event horizon. That neutron shell can rotate the black hole in a “safe distance”. That kind of object looks like a massive neutron star. But it would involve a black hole. The existence of that kind of thing can be proven in the cases where the neutron star seems too massive. 

Those black holes can be grapefruit-sized, extremely high-energy objects. In some models, quasi-stars are not possible in our universe. Except for those things formed in the early universe. Or there is also the possibility that the low mass black hole can form a quasi-star around it if that thing is in the dense supernova remnant. But there is also a possibility that an extremely low mass black hole can form a planet-shaped shell around it. In that case, the water molecules or things like metal or silicone crystals can form ball-shaped structures around them. 

There is a possibility that some very hot red dwarfs or stars like Spica could be the quasistars. The thing is that the small, low-mass black hole can still lurk in our solar system. And there is a possibility that this exciting object can hide under the icy shell of some dwarf planet. That is the thing that can make the “ninth planet” exist and explain why it cannot be seen from Earth. So there can be something very massive lurking in our solar system. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/49910160

https://blog.sciandnature.com/2024/09/little-black-holes-in-our-solar-system.html

https://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/miniature-black-holes-could-be-hollowing-out-planets-and-zipping-through-our-bodies-new-study-claims

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planet-x/

https://www.sciencealert.com/something-massive-could-still-be-hiding-in-the-shadows-of-our-solar-system

https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/the-universes-first-little-red-dots-may-be-a-new-kind-of-star-with-a-black-hole-inside/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star