An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system.

   An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system. 

"This artist’s illustration shows an Ultra-Short Period (USP) planet orbiting its star. A newly-discovered USP runs the risk of either being torn to pieces by its star or being sucked in and destroyed. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Schaller (for STScI)" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

Nothing is forever in the universe. 

Researchers noticed that the K-type orange star’s TOI-2431b is closing its star. And that earth-size exoplanet is going to its destruction. That exoplanet is an example that if a planet orbits too close to a small star can cause a situation. The planet starts to fall into the star. The small stars have one problem. Their gravity is weak. That means they cannot stabilize their solar system in the same way as bigger stars. In small star systems, the smaller objects can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. An interesting detail is that TOI-2431 is a K-type orange star. But maybe those destructions are more common in the universe than nobody expected. 

In the universe, most stars are red dwarfs. Those stars are very light, and that means their solar systems are smaller than our solar system. Those stars’ weak gravity means that red dwarfs’ planets must orbit very close to their stars. The close distance causes danger than when something like a meteorite. That comes out from those solar systems pushes their planet to a red dwarf. 

And that can cause a situation where the planet impacts the red dwarf. Those planets can follow a spiral trajectory, and sooner or later. Those planets will change their orbital period into ultra-short-period planets (USP). Then the tidal forces from a red dwarf can rip them into pieces. Or they impact the host star. This is the thing in all gravitational centers in the universe. 

The red dwarf and its planetary system can pull other objects to them from a long distance. That means the lonely red dwarfs are more at risk of facing those cosmic intruders than red dwarfs that are near some larger stars. The lonely red dwarf pulls objects straight to its system. But in cases like Proxima Centauri, the dominating binary star can pull those particles into its solar system. And that protects Proxima’s planets from cosmic impacts. 

"This figure from the research shows that among USP planets, TOI-2431 b has the shortest timescale until tidal disruption of ∼31 Myr. Credit: Tas et al. 2025 A&A" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

The reason why red dwarf systems are a riskier place for cosmic impacts than our solar system is this. Those solar systems are very small. These planets are closer to each other than in our solar system. The red dwarf is more dominant than the Sun. When an object like a comet or asteroid comes to our solar system from outside the Kuiper Belt, that object must travel longer time. There are four massive gas giants on its journey, and they can pull that intruder into their gravity fields. In small solar systems, planets are closer to their sun. There might not be dominant planets like Jupiter. 

The object comes straight to the system, and those giant gas planets do not have the same time to curve the cosmic visitor's trajectory as Jupiter and other gas planets have in our solar system.  When those cosmic intruders come to the solar system that fits inside Mercury’s trajectory, that thing has no time to change its course.  In those small solar systems, the horizontal gravity effect has no time to affect the trajectories of high-speed objects. 

Because planets are closer to the cosmic intruder, they have a higher chance of hitting it than in our solar system. The main thing is that. The red dwarf is lighter than the sun. It cannot stabilize its solar system same way as the Sun. And if there are gas giants and rocky planets in the same red dwarf solar system, the rocky planet is on the opposite side of the red dwarf to the Earth-sized exoplanet. Then the common gravity effect of those objects can pull one or more smaller planets from their trajectory. That can cause a situation where those planets fall into the red dwarf. 

Same way. The rogue planet that passes the red dwarf can pull those planets into that star. Things like ion beams or interstellar shockwaves can push those small stars’ planets out of their trajectory. Red dwarf systems are not as stable as larger stars’ solar systems. Those planets are orbiting closer to the lightweight star. And that means the smaller things in those systems can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. If a Jupiter-size planet goes behind the sun, that thing has a smaller effect on Earth than if a similar planet goes behind the red dwarf that Earth-size exoplanets orbit. 

Rogue planets that travel all around the universe, out from their solar systems, can pull other particles into them. And that can cause multiple impacts to those planets that escaped from their solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/this-earth-sized-exoplanet-is-racing-toward-its-own-destruction/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-2431_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet

There are probably life-building blocks on the Titan moon.

  There are probably life-building blocks on the Titan moon.

"New NASA research suggests Titan’s icy lakes might produce natural cell-like structures, offering fresh insight into how life could emerge in alien worlds. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Possible Building Blocks of Life on Saturn’s Moon Titan)

"Researchers propose that vesicles could form in Titan’s hydrocarbon lakes, hinting at a new pathway for life’s precursors. This expands the possibilities for where life might originate in the solar system." (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Possible Building Blocks of Life on Saturn’s Moon Titan)

Life's building block is not life. Those things are amino acids and other chemical compounds that the DNA and cells require for making their protein shells and other structures. They don’t mean life as we know it. 

There are possible life-building blocks on Saturn’s giant moon Titan. So, does that mean that there is life on that moon? A life-building block doesn’t necessarily mean that there are any kind of life forms. That means that there are chemical components required for the DNA molecule assembly process. So those building blocks are chemical compounds, not life in the form as we know it. Titan is too cold for similar active lifeforms that live on Earth. 

Chemical reactions on that moon are extremely slow. And an interesting question is this: are those chemical compounds formed on Titan, or are some kind of meteorites bringing them to that moon? The origin of those chemical compounds is also an interesting thing. 

We must realize one thing. Life can be far different from what we even expect. Another question is this: should we call the self-replicating molecules “life”?

That is one of the most interesting questions in the world of philosophy. The chemical compounds, like amino acids, are quite common things in the universe. And in the Kuiper Belt, in an absolutely freezing area, those chemical compounds can exist almost forever. The is a small possibility that some kind of cells or DNA, or RNA  can travel between stars and retain their ability to infect cells. In those cases, the cosmic ice bite will transport those cosmic viruses between the stars. At 0K, the chemical environment is very stable. 

The thing that determines if those kinds of molecules can remain in its form is the case that pushed it and the cosmic ice bite out from its solar system. The nova or supernova eruption causes a very high-level radiation burst. That can smash planets into pieces. But there is a small possibility that the DNA or RNA can keep its form during that radiation burst. So, can life travel between solar systems in the cosmic ice bite? That kind of ice bite is not yet found. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-unveils-possible-building-blocks-of-life-on-saturns-moon-titan/

The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

    The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

"Alpha Centauri A Planet Candidate"

"This artist’s concept shows what a gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple star system Alpha Centauri using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbiting the star by about two times the distance between the Sun and Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other Sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our Sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Robert L. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The planet candidate in the Alpha Centauri system is an interesting thing. The planet could be a Saturn-type gas giant in a very elliptic trajectory. Alpha Centauri is far brighter than Proxima Centauri, which orbits the binary star system 4 light-years from Earth. The JWST saw a structure that could be an exoplanet, but then it vanished. Maybe there was some kind of eruption in that solar system, and that covered the exoplanet behind it. The Alpha Centauri Ab can face a similar fate as Alpha Centauri Bb, which was a proposed exoplanet near Alpha Centauri B, that is the K-type star. 

There is not enough evidence of the existence of that exoplanet. But there is a possibility that there are many secrets in the Alpha Centauri system, which is the closest solar system, a triple-star system near Earth. The most interesting thing in exoplanet hunting is that those exoplanet candidates are found quite near to us. But if there are big exoplanets hiding in that solar system, that thing opens new paths to the exoplanet hunters. 

"This three-panel image captures NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s observational search for a planet around the nearest Sun-like star, Alpha Centauri A. The initial image shows the bright glare of Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, and the middle panel then shows the system with a coronagraphic mask placed over Alpha Centauri A to block its bright glare. However, the way the light bends around the edges of the coronagraph creates ripples of light in the surrounding space. " (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The telescope’s optics (its mirrors and support structures) cause some light to interfere with itself, producing circular and spoke-like patterns. These complex light patterns, along with light from the nearby Alpha Centauri B, make it incredibly difficult to spot faint planets. In the panel at the right, astronomers have subtracted the known patterns (using reference images and algorithms) to clean up the image and reveal faint sources like the candidate planet. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The existence of the planets in a triple star system in orbit that goes between those stars means that there could be many exoplanets waiting for their finder. Finding and confirming an exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system will be far, far more difficult than confirming exoplanets near red dwarfs. The last confirmed exoplanet near Proxima Centauri was found in 2022. And the first of that system’s planets was found in the year 2016. There is still, unconfirmed exoplanet candidate near Proxima. And another interesting thing is that astronomers could confirm exoplanets near Barnard’s Star this year. 

"This image shows the Alpha Centauri star system from several different ground- and space-based observatories: the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Alpha Centauri A is the third brightest star in the night sky, and the closest Sun-like star to Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The ground-based image from DSS shows the triple system as a single source of light, while Hubble resolves the two Sun-like stars in the system, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The image from Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which uses a coronagraphic mask to block the bright glare from Alpha Centauri A, reveals a potential planet orbiting the star. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

Those very dim and lightweight stars start to wobble if there is a small planet orbiting them. But the problem is that large gas giants can cover the changes that small planets cause to red dwarfs' characteristic movement  under their gravitational effect.  So the exoplanets near G- and K-type stars are far difficult to detect, because their brightness covers them. But also, even the most massive objects cannot cause a wobble in those stars' trajectory across the sky. But the exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system could be an interesting discovery. 

https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/proxima-centauri-a-turbulent-star-with-planetary-consequences

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-webb-may-have-found-a-planet-next-door-then-it-vanished/

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2025/news-2025-135

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Bb

Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away.

   Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away. 

"This artist's concept shows what the gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple-star system Alpha Centauri using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbits the star by about two times the distance between the sun and Earth. In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: : NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)" (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

"Now, Webb's observations from its Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) are providing the strongest evidence to date of a gas giant planet orbiting in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A. (The MIRI instrument was developed in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory [JPL], which is managed by Caltech for NASA). The habitable zone is the region around a star where temperatures could be right for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface." (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

The new Jupiter- or Saturn-type gas giant orbits Alpha Centauri A. That gas giant is interesting because its location is in the triple-star system. And another interesting thing is that. The exoplanet orbits the Alpha Centauri primary system. We have known for a while that there are two confirmed exoplanets and one exoplanet candidate around Proxima Centauri. But that new gas giant is something else. It orbits Alpha Centauri A, which is likely to be our Sun. And that raises the possibility of finding extraterrestrial life forms from the Alpha Centauri system.  

The fact is that we might not find exocivilization around those stars. And if there are no intelligent lifeforms on some planet, that makes it hard to detect those alien organisms. If those organisms are primitive caryotes, it is very hard to separate their metabolic products from those of other chemical reactions. If the planet is a so-called water world, its entire surface is covered by oceans. And those very primitive algae and bacteria can live in those oceans. 

The first organisms lived in the Earth's oceans. If alien prokaryotes are like the first prokaryotes that lived in the oceans, the atmosphere of the planet can be very hostile. There are many things. That determines whether the water world can support life. If the atmosphere is dense and the gravity is high, that means water cannot boil. 

There are creatures on Earth that can live in very high-temperature water near so-called hydrothermal vents. Those so-called black smokers are a volcanic eruption hole. 

"In contrast to the approximately 2 °C (36 °F) ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 °C (140 °F)[6] up to as high as 464 °C (867 °F). Due to the high hydrostatic pressure at these depths, water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures. The critical point of (pure) water is 375 °C (707 °F) at a pressure of 218 atmospheres."  (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The hydrothermal vents are recognized as a type of chemosynthetic based ecosystems (CBE) where primary productivity is fuelled by chemical compounds as energy sources instead of light (chemoautotrophy). Hydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food. " (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The water from the hydrothermal vent is rich in dissolved minerals and supports a large population of chemoautotrophic bacteria. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most known organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis." (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

The water can be at a very high temperature and support life, because it's in supercritical form. The high pressure and high gravity prevent the water from boiling. There are no bubbles in supercritical water. And that helps organisms survive near black smokers. 

We could see life's building blocks and things like carbon dioxide. But we would not see things like algae from the water planet. Another thing is that there may be no lifeforms in the gas giant's atmosphere. 

However, there is a possibility that those gas giants may have moons similar to Jupiter's Europa. Low gravity and low gas pressure can keep water liquid in low temperatures. So the habitable zone can be far different from what we used to think. Intelligent lifeforms probably don't form on those moons. But primitive algae and bacteria can live in those icy worlds. 

The water moon can host lifeforms like bacteria and algae. But those things are not easy to detect. The planetary models that astronomers use are made using our own solar system as a model. All gas giants in our solar system have moons. So maybe all other gas giants that orbit other than red dwarfs can have moons, or dwarf planets orbiting them. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/alpha-centauri-planet/

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-webb-finds-new-evidence-for-planet-around-closest-solar-twin/

https://phys.org/news/2025-08-evidence-planet-closest-sun-star.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c

Multiverse theory, reality, or simply an idea?

   Multiverse theory, reality, or simply an idea? 

Are parallel multiverses real or not? The answer is that we don't know. We have no observations about those things. And that means they are non-proven models or theories. Or, maybe we should call the multiverse: "logical continuum of the universe structures, or models". 

So, it's rather philosophy than a scientific theory. That model explains dark energy, dark matter, and other unknown things as the energy and particles that come from another universe. There are instances where the universe in which we live will fall back to a single point. And then form again. That model is called "phoenix universe". Or in some models, another universe exists in the fourth or higher dimensions. But those models are unproven.. And maybe they will be unproven forever. In some models, things like virtual reality are also part of the multiverse or parallel universe theories. 

Multiverse is the theoretical framework where the universe is introduced as one of many universes. Or is it even a theoretical framework? The fact is that there is no single evidence of that thing. So, the multiverse theory is rather a philosophical conjecture or, so-called, logical expansion of the observations that researchers made of the universe. That means that if we believe the universe is composed of galactic superclusters, other universes would be universe-scale superclusters or hyperclusters. 

The other universe would be so dim that we cannot see it. In that type of observation, stars and other structures in our universe deny that sensors can detect radiation that comes from other universes. If they even exist. And who cares if those other universes exist? The multiverse is one of the models that tries to explain where matter came to our universe. That model could explain where matter came to our universe. But it would not explain where material in other universes came from? 

But there is one very interesting model of the multiverse. That model tells us that maybe we live in a black hole. Those hypothetical models explain why we cannot see things outside the universe that the black hole's material disk and halo press all waves that come from outside into a straight form. That means that we cannot see information in that wave movement. That model means that there can be other universes in the black holes. 

Those things are the fourth dimension. So there is a theoretical model. The black holes involve structures that are like our universe. So, that is one of the models that are made to explain why the universe exists. And the universe is part of the system of internal black holes. That is one of the models of the multiverse theory. 

But does the time reverse destroy that model? If we think of internal black holes, there is a possibility that when information comes to the edge of the next black hole or black hole's event horizon, time starts to move oppositely. So that means every black hole causes time reversal. But does that thing cause retrocausality? The retrocausality means that reaction comes before action. 

Even if those particles turn younger. Don't mean that things start to happen backward. 

Retrocausality seems like somebody looks at the film backwards. Or, that's how we represent that thing. But the fact is that retrocausality is not seen in large-scale structures. That thing is seen only in the smallest subatomic particles and their superposition tests. 

But then we can imagine one of the most interesting things in the multiverse philosophy, or the multiverse hypothesis. That thing is the anti-universe. Time moves backward because the anti-universe is in the middle of the big crunch.  Because particles and quantum fields turn closer and fields turn denser, that means time moves backward in that hypothetical space. But that doesn't necessarily mean that there is retrocausality in that universe. Maybe all things happen the same way as on Earth. But particles turn younger. 

A hypothetical black hole in that hypothetical universe will be an interesting thing. The idea is that time turns to travel backward in the point of the event horizon. So, that means that if the black hole is in an anti-universe, time travels oppositely in that black hole. So if time travels backward in the space behind the event horizon. That means time travels like it does in our universe if time travels backward around the black hole. 

The anti-universe means the universe that falls to the Big Crunch. Because all fields turn denser and stronger, the black hole will expand all the time. That means there is a possibility that this theoretical black hole in the theoretical anti-universe will not send gravity waves, because an expanding event horizon will close gravity waves inside it. The anti-universe doesn't necessarily mean a universe that forms from antimatter. Antimatter is like regular matter otherwise. 

But antimatter electrons have positive and antimatter protons have negative electric polarity. The anti-neutron spin is opposite to that of the neutron.  When an antimatter particle touches its mirror particle, both of those particles turn into radiation in the violent reaction called annihilation. That is the most powerful reaction in the known universe. But otherwise, antimatter reacts the same way to gravity and other fields. Antimatter is planned to be used in spacecraft. Because. It gives a very strong energy load. But that's the own story. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/parallel-universes-multiverse-real/

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/james-webb-space-telescope/is-our-universe-trapped-inside-a-black-hole-this-james-webb-space-telescope-discovery-might-blow-your-mind

https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html

https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/the-multiverse-are-we-living-in-one-of-many

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality

Betelgeuse, Alpha Orionis, is a binary star.

"Using the NASA-NSF-funded ‘Alopeke instrument on the Gemini North telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, partly funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by NSF NOIRLab, astronomers have discovered a companion star in an incredibly tight orbit around Betelgeuse. This discovery answers the millennia-old question of why this famous star experiences a roughly six-year-long periodic change in its brightness, and provides insight into the physical mechanisms behind other variable red supergiants. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Image Processing: M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)" (ScitechDaily, After Decades of Searching, Astronomers Finally Spot Betelgeuse’s Elusive Companion Star)

The explanation for the strange changes in the famous red giant Betelgeuse's brightness has been solved. So, Betelgeuse is a binary star. That is the companion star. That star is quite bright, an A or B-type star. And that thing causes interesting theorems. What can we find around the well-known objects if we have new, more sensitive systems? New systems found things like a planetary system near Barnard's star. That means. We should remap also well-known stellar systems to find new interesting objects. 

The breakthrough is the well-known, elusive partner star of Betelgeuse, the giant red star. That means one of the most well-known objects in the universe has a hidden partner. That elusive partner has recently been found. Betelgeuse's brightness has covered that elusive partner under it. And the most modern tools needed to find that elusive star. The elusive partner star's life will not be long. The massive tidal forces of Betelgeuse can destroy that star in under 10000 years. 

"Astronomers have discovered a tightly orbiting companion star to Betelgeuse. This finding explains the star’s six-year brightness cycle and offers new insights into the behavior of other variable red supergiants. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA Image Processing: M. Zamani (NSF NOIRLab)" (ScitechDaily, After Decades of Searching, Astronomers Finally Spot Betelgeuse’s Elusive Companion Star)

Stellar spectral classification. 

Maybe Betelgeuse trapped another star in its gravitational field. The Betelgeuse companion star is an A or B-type pre-main-sequence star. That means it was not born at the same time as Betelgeuse. The mass of that companion star is about 1,5 times that of the Sun. That companion star is not a dim object like a red dwarf. Maybe it's far dimmer than Betelgeuse, but it's brighter than the Sun. And that raises the question of what other objects are lurking in the universe?

The thing that makes this finding interesting and important is that. The new equipment gives new data from well-known objects. And that thing means that there are no "certain" things in the research. And that means there can be surprises also from well-known objects. There are many things. That disturbs observations. One of those things is the plasma bubble around our solar system. That very high temperature impact- plasma forms when the solar wind impacts particles from other stars. That plasma can disturb IR systems. And it can close some radio frequencies out from our solar system. 

https://earthsky.org/space/companion-for-betelgeuse-confirmed-famous-binaries/

https://scitechdaily.com/after-decades-of-searching-astronomers-finally-spot-betelgeuses-elusive-companion-star/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/astronomers-crack-1-000-year-old-betelgeuse-mystery-with-1st-ever-sighting-of-secret-companion-photo-video

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://thatsthenatureoftime.blogspot.com/

Are the “red little dots” in the young universe so-called quasi-stars?

"By all rights, they shouldn’t exist. When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) first opened its eyes to the distant past, it spotted hundreds of tiny, brilliant objects glowing red in the infant universe — just 600 million years after the Big Bang. These “little red dots,” as astronomers came to call them, gleamed with such surprising brightness and density that they seemed to defy the basic rules of cosmology."Mysterious red dots may be a peculiar cosmic hybrid between a star and a black hole."(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

Little red dots are the first star-shaped objects in the universe. There is a new theory that those little red dots can be so-called quasi-stars. Quasi-stars are hypothetical star-shaped objects that get their energy from the black hole inside them. But can those objects exist in the universe where we live? Or could they exist only in the young universe? 

The hypothetical quasi-stars are star-like objects that get their power from black holes inside them. The idea in quasi-stars is that those black holes can lock particles around the event horizon, forming objects that look like stars. For a long time, researchers thought that the quasi-stars could be very large stars. But there is one thing that makes those quasi-stars more interesting than ever before. That thing is the primordial black hole. In models, primordial black holes can be very small and lightweight. Those low-mass black holes can be very small. Also, things like black hole relativistic jets can press even planets into black holes. 

In Einstein’s models, every particle or object can turn into a black hole. That means there can be very small black holes. The smallest possible black holes, called quantum-size black holes, are quarks or gluons that energy presses into an extremely dense form. In some models, those quantum-size black holes can be in your room. They are so small that they cannot pull particles inside them. But there is a possibility that things like ultra-heavy neutron stars can involve black holes. 

(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

The hollow neutron shell can orbit the small black hole. The neutron structure will be locked around the event horizon. That neutron shell can rotate the black hole in a “safe distance”. That kind of object looks like a massive neutron star. But it would involve a black hole. The existence of that kind of thing can be proven in the cases where the neutron star seems too massive. 

Those black holes can be grapefruit-sized, extremely high-energy objects. In some models, quasi-stars are not possible in our universe. Except for those things formed in the early universe. Or there is also the possibility that the low mass black hole can form a quasi-star around it if that thing is in the dense supernova remnant. But there is also a possibility that an extremely low mass black hole can form a planet-shaped shell around it. In that case, the water molecules or things like metal or silicone crystals can form ball-shaped structures around them. 

There is a possibility that some very hot red dwarfs or stars like Spica could be the quasistars. The thing is that the small, low-mass black hole can still lurk in our solar system. And there is a possibility that this exciting object can hide under the icy shell of some dwarf planet. That is the thing that can make the “ninth planet” exist and explain why it cannot be seen from Earth. So there can be something very massive lurking in our solar system. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/49910160

https://blog.sciandnature.com/2024/09/little-black-holes-in-our-solar-system.html

https://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/miniature-black-holes-could-be-hollowing-out-planets-and-zipping-through-our-bodies-new-study-claims

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planet-x/

https://www.sciencealert.com/something-massive-could-still-be-hiding-in-the-shadows-of-our-solar-system

https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/the-universes-first-little-red-dots-may-be-a-new-kind-of-star-with-a-black-hole-inside/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star