How does the fifth image form in the Einstein Cross?

“A mysterious fifth image inside a rare Einstein Cross exposed a massive halo of dark matter, giving astronomers a rare chance to study both the distant galaxy and the invisible structures shaping the cosmos. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot “Impossible” Fifth Image Unlocking Dark Matter Secrets)

“The Einstein Cross (Q2237+0305 or QSO 2237+0305) is a gravitationally lensed quasar that sits directly behind the centre of the galaxy ZW 2237+030, called Huchra's Lens. Four images of the same distant quasar (plus one in the centre, too dim to see) appear in the middle of the foreground galaxy due to strong gravitational lensing. This system was discovered by John Huchra and coworkers in 1985, although at the time they only detected that there was a quasar behind a galaxy based on differing redshifts and did not resolve the four separate images of the quasar.” (Wikipedia, Einstein Cross)

The reason why the fifth image is possible. The thing. That is, the gravitational lens is a quasar. This is a straight line just behind the galaxy that the gravitational lens will make those four images. The distance to the galaxy is about 400 million ly. And the distance to that quasar is 8 billion light-years. 

The fifth image formed in Einstein Cross is of a supermassive object. In the middle of the image. Pulls radiation back in  focus. This means there is a galaxy that turns light into the form where radiation forms the four images of the single galaxy. The mass that focuses radiation forming that fifth must be between the galaxy (or in this case, quasar) and the observer. 

“Einstein cross: Four images of the same distant quasar (due to the gravitational lensing of the galaxy closest to us, shown in the foreground, the Huchra Lens).(Wikipedia, Einstein Cross)

“Hubble Space Telescope captures Einstein Cross.” (Wikipedia, Einstein Cross)

“A rare cosmic configuration: An Einstein Cross with five points of light, instead of the usual four, has been discovered by scientists. Credit: P. Cox et al. – ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)”  (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot “Impossible” Fifth Image Unlocking Dark Matter Secrets)

So, there is an object between the distant galaxy and the Earth. The thing that observers cannot see about the object makes it interesting. Can it be some kind of dark matter formation, or maybe there is some kind of black hole between that distant galaxy and Earth? 

But if there is a supermassive black hole between Earth and that distant galaxy, why can't we see that black hole’s halo or the galaxy that should form around it? Of course, that halo can also be a quasar, but the problem is how the thing that forms the radiation cone can remain unseen? The quasar is behind the galaxy. It is in a straight line to Earth. The galaxy or the object that collects radiation into the fifth image is a straight line between Earth and that distant galaxy. 

There is a possibility that gravitational microlensing can also form the Einstein Cross. The gravitational microlensing. Means a black hole that is in our galaxy that bends light. All black holes act as gravitational lenses. In the case of a black hole, the term means a black hole that is at a certain distance from Earth. The microlensing is similar. But a smaller phenomenon. Than the full-size gravitational lensing. There is a possibility that planets. Or other, less massive objects can also form a gravitational lens. And in the case of planets, white dwarfs, and neutron stars. We can talk about microlensing. The neutron stars and planets with no atmosphere are excellent objects. To observe microlensing. In the cases of the stars. The atmosphere makes it hard to separate the gravitational lensing from the effect that the star’s atmosphere causes. 

https://www.constellation-guide.com/einstein-cross/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-spot-impossible-fifth-image-unlocking-dark-matter-secrets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Cross

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huchra%27s_lens

The fifth image uncovers the nature of dark matter.

"A mysterious fifth image inside a rare Einstein Cross exposed a massive halo of dark matter, giving astronomers a rare chance to study both the distant galaxy and the invisible structures shaping the cosmos. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot “Impossible” Fifth Image Unlocking Dark Matter Secrets)

Einstein’s cross is the gravitational effect where gravity bends light; its image is multiplied to appear as if it were four galaxies. The fifth image in Einstein’s cross was caused by an invisible massive object. That massive object could be a massive dark matter cloud. This effect tells us about the nature of dark matter. We know that only confirmed interaction between dark and visible matter is gravitational. Dark matter can also form things like black holes. The black hole that dark matter’s mutual gravity effect forms could exist in intergalactic space. This kind of black hole could get its energy from dark matter. 

And the gravitational microlensing can uncover this kind of black hole. The black hole pulls so small an amount of visible matter that this black hole cannot form a bright halo that could be seen from Earth. Dark matter can form a wave movement, where the wavelength is the same as the diameter of a hypothetical weakly interacting massive particle, WIMPs. That means that those WIMPs could be a source of dark energy when a black hole pulls those particles. That thing makes those particles impact and press energy into them. Black holes pull energy inside them. 

"A rare cosmic configuration: An Einstein Cross with five points of light, instead of the usual four, has been discovered by scientists. Credit: P. Cox et al. – ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot “Impossible” Fifth Image Unlocking Dark Matter Secrets)

And this means. Black holes can also pull dark energy into them. If dark energy interacts with dark matter particles near black holes, that energy causes them to glow. And maybe, that glow is at least one part of the dark energy. We know that dark matter is not homogeneously spread across the universe. Gravitational centers pull dark matter around them. And that means galaxies, and especially black holes and neutron stars, are pulling dark matter halos around them. Those effects are micro-level phenomena. If we compare them with galaxy-size effects. 

Almost all galaxies are surrounded by dark matter halos, but there are exceptions. And that means dark matter can form similar structures with visible material. In galaxies, dark matter has a gravitational effect. Allows galaxies to rotate faster than they would without dark matter’s effect. Without dark matter, the centripetal force breaks the galactic structures. So, a galaxy that has no dark matter should spin more slowly. The dark matter halo outside the galaxy pulls material out, and the supermassive black hole with the object’s mutual gravity keeps galaxies in their form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-spot-impossible-fifth-image-unlocking-dark-matter-secrets/

What was before the Big Bang?

“Our entire cosmic history is theoretically well-understood, but difficult to depict in a static, 2D image. The Universe’s present expansion rate and energy composition are related, which is why most modern illustrations of our cosmic history have a tube-like shape: where they often (dubiously) depict an initial singularity, a period of inflation, and then a slower expansion that changes with time while our Universe evolves. No one diagram encodes all of these details correctly, including the one shown here, which seems to maintain a constant “size” for the Universe, disagreeing with reality.” (BigThink. The strongest evidence for a Universe before the Big Bang)

Can the source of dark energy be in particles that go out from the universe and evaporate in that extremely low-energy place? When a particle or black hole travels out of the universe. The outside quantum field cannot keep the particle in its form. In the universe, the outside energy field presses the particle. And slows its energy transfer to its environment. Particles are condensed versions of energy. And when those particles release their energy very fast, that means they turn into a wave movement. And if the energy level around them is zero, that means those particles detonate. They send those waves into the universe. But they send waves that also impact outside the universe. 

Even before the Big Bang, the universe or spacetime was not really empty. There were fields and wave movement. That formed material and the universe where we live. The big question has always been where those waves and fields came from. Also, those fields. Must have some kind of source. 

The fact is that matter cannot form from emptiness. So there must be some kind of wave movement. And one suggestion is that. There were gravity waves before the Big Bang. Or the event that formed our universe. But was there a universe before our universe? This question remains open. The thing that we call the universe is a structure. Where matter and energy have a certain form or shape. And that means we should ask if there was a structure before our universe, where matter and energy had similar shapes, as they have in our universe, or the universe where we live. The new model goes like this. The gravity waves that were the only existing thing before our universe started to form were impacted and started to condense into gravitons. And then those gravitons could form the massive kugelblitz black hole, which detonated. That could even look like a series of explosions, because when that massive object released its outermost shell, its size increased. 

At that point, the gravity waves that this object sent pushed other gravity waves away. When we think about that very first black hole, we must remember that this object formed in a very different universe than the one we live in. That object was the only gravity center in the universe. And that means its effect was larger scale than the gravity centers have in the modern universe. When we think about the first magnetic fields. They were not more powerful than the human EEG; we must remember. That energy level is always relative to its environment. The universe was very hot and dense, and those electromagnetic fields formed into a place. 

“The density fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provide the seeds for modern cosmic structure to form, including stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, filaments, and large-scale cosmic voids. But the CMB itself cannot be seen until the Universe forms neutral atoms out of its ions and electrons, which takes hundreds of thousands of years, and the stars won’t form for even longer: 50-to-100 million years.” (BigThink. The strongest evidence for a Universe before the Big Bang)

“Regions of space that are slightly denser than average will create larger gravitational potential wells to climb out of, meaning the light arising from those regions appears colder by the time it arrives at our eyes. Vice versa, underdense regions will look like hot spots, while regions with perfectly average density will have perfectly average temperatures.” (BigThink. The strongest evidence for a Universe before the Big Bang)

“The quantum fluctuations that occur during inflation do indeed get stretched across the Universe, and later, smaller-scale fluctuations get superimposed atop the older, larger-scale ones. These field fluctuations cause density imperfections in the early Universe, which then lead to the temperature fluctuations we measure in the cosmic microwave background, after all the interactions between dark matter, normal matter, and radiation occur prior to the formation of the first stable, neutral atoms.” (BigThink. The strongest evidence for a Universe before the Big Bang)

“The quantum fluctuations inherent to space, stretched across the Universe during cosmic inflation, gave rise to the density fluctuations imprinted in the cosmic microwave background, which in turn gave rise to the stars, galaxies, and other large-scale structures in the Universe today. This is the best picture we have of how the entire Universe behaves, where inflation precedes and sets up the Big Bang. Unfortunately, we can only access the information contained inside our cosmic horizon, which is all part of the same fraction of one region where inflation ended some 13.8 billion years ago.” (BigThink. The strongest evidence for a Universe before the Big Bang)

“If you look farther and farther away, you also look farther and farther into the past. If the number of galaxies, the densities and properties of those galaxies, and other cosmic properties like the temperature and expansion rate of the Universe didn’t appear to change, you’d have evidence of a Universe that was constant in time; that is not what we see.” (BigThink, Even before the Big Bang, space wasn’t truly empty)

Where there were no other electromagnetic fields. Electrons were just formed. The suggestion of how those fields formed, or which was the formation order of those fields, is that first were strong nuclear interaction fields, because those fields are radiation or wave movement that formed in the quark gluon plasma. Those high-energy particles condensed from the whirls in the gravity field. Then we must remember. Electromagnetic fields form in electron interactions. The weak nuclear interaction forms between protons and neutrons. That model mean. Electromagnetic fields formed before the weak nuclear interaction, because the weak nuclear interaction requires baryons that can form only if quarks can form protons and neutrons.  

So the four fundamental forces formed in the next order. 

1) Gravity

2) Strong nuclear interaction

3) Electromagnetism

4) Weak nuclear interaction. 

When we talk. About the force formation. We talk about. The situation, the environment, and the force that. Takes the form that makes their interaction possible. 

That means energy that existed before the Big Bang formed the universe. But where does that energy or wave movement come from? The logical explanation can be. The origin of that field or gravity waves could be another universe. The existence of other universes is logically possible. That model mean. That universes form structures like galaxies and galaxy clusters. But if we observe those kinds of theorems. We face one reality. If another universe exists and some particle travels between that universe and our universe, that hypothetical particle must travel through an extremely low-energy space. This means that there is no energy that can press the quantum field. 

That particle evaporates or turns into a wave movement. This would happen. Even if our universe were alone. This means that the dark energy’s origin can be in the space outside the universe. When a particle turns into a wave movement, it sends an energy impulse around it. Or it releases energy that condensed into that particle. This energy travels back to the universe. In the same way, a black hole that travels  out of the universe detonates. Every day, particles flow out from the universe, and that means there can be multiple energy sources outside the universe. If energy travels out from another universe, that low-energy spacetime will stretch that wave so long that it's hard or even impossible to detect. 

But then back to the Big Bang. The question is, where does the first universe get its existence? That is the question that makes the multiverse theory quite hard to control. Where did the first universe get the wave movement that formed it?

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evidence-universe-before-big-bang/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-wasnt-empty-before-big-bang/

https://scitechdaily.com/universes-first-magnetic-fields-were-as-weak-as-human-brain-waves/

Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars.

 Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars. 

"Artist’s impression of a black hole star (not to scale). Mysterious tiny pinpoints of light discovered at the dawn of the universe may be giant spheres of hot gas that are so dense they look like the atmospheres of typical nuclear fusion-powered stars; however, instead of fusion, they are powered by supermassive black holes in their center that rapidly pull in matter, converting it into energy and giving off light. Credit: T. Müller/A. de Graaff/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy" (ScitechDaily, Mysterious “Universe Breaker” Red Dots Could Be Black Holes in Disguise)

The little red dots at the edge of the universe could be so-called black hole stars. If that thing is true, those red dots would be the most fundamental things in the world. The black hole stars, or so-called quasi stars, would be the most interesting things in the universe. The quasi-star could form around the small back hole. In the early universe, those black holes could form when the so-called Schwinger effect formed a material point. 

That formed a singularity. And then those black holes started to pull material into them. There is a possibility that black holes pull particles they forming a stellar-shaped structure around the event horizon. Those hydrogen atoms are locked around the black hole. Those hydrogen atoms can form a spinning layer in the distance where the escaping velocity is the same as that atom’s speed.

The quasi-star, or black hole star, is like other stars if we see them outside. But they could be far larger than regular stars. If those famous red dots are quasi-stars that help to calculate other black holes and black hole-based structures. Things like extremely small black holes that can hide in ball-shaped asteroids are waiting for their finder. The quasi-stars will help to fill in the puzzle about the black holes. Those things will not be fundamental, and intermediate mass black holes are not fundamental. But they will confirm theories and models of back holes and their formation. 

The quasi-stars would not exist in our universe. The thing that forms the structure is the interaction between layers that form that object. The energy from inner structures interacts with the outer structure. Those structures push each other away. When those structures' temperatures turn lower, that breaks the quasi-star. 

"An illustration shows the JWST in space next to its observations of some of the earliest galaxies ever seen, the so-called "little red dots." (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Dale Kocevski (Colby College)/ Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, James Webb Space Telescope sees little red dots feeding black holes: 'This is how you solve a universe-breaking problem') 

If those little red dots (LRD) are black holes that formed before galaxies or even material that could mean that first were so-called “Kugelblitz”-black holes that formed straight from wave movement. Then those kugelblitz black holes formed galaxies around them. That means it’s possible that black holes formed before matter. 

"Size comparison of a hypothetical quasi-star to some of the largest known stars."(Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

“As a quasi-star cooled over time, its outer envelope would become transparent, until further cooling to a limiting temperature of 4,000 K (3,730 °C). This would mark the end of the quasi-star's life since there is no hydrostatic equilibrium at or below this limiting temperature. It would then dissipate without a supernova, leaving behind an intermediate-mass black hole. These intermediate-mass black holes are theorized as the progenitors of modern supermassive black holes, and would help explain how supermassive black holes formed so early in the history of the universe.” (Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

The energy that this quasi-star shines is energy that forms in the black hole’s material disk, and in the case that the back hole pulls that radiation’s wavelength longer. The extreme gravity causes a virtual redshift because gravity stretches light. That means quasi-stars should be red. The massive gravitational redshift will pull all radiation longer than it should be. Or to the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

So the black hole can pull X-rays. And gamma-ray wavelengths turn longer. And that thing causes an interesting model. That can make a black hole invisible because extreme gravity pulls electromagnetic radiation’s wavelength so long. If the gravity is strong enough, that thing can turn even gamma-rays into radio waves. 

That means that there is a possibility that black holes’ gamma- and X-rays are also a result of some, yet unknown, radiation’s wavelength stretch.  A black hole's environment has a wavelength longer than it should. This means that the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it actually is. Otherwise, if those objects are on the other side of the universe, the redshift would be strong anyway. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-universe-breaker-red-dots-could-be-black-holes-in-disguise/

https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-little-red-dots-galaxies-black-hole-growth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Hawking was right. Black holes’ event horizons cannot withdraw.

  Hawking was right. Black holes’ event horizons cannot withdraw.

“Computer simulation of the black hole binary system GW150914 prior to merging. Credit: SXS” (Universe Today)

It’s possible that all black holes spin. 

Hawking was right about black holes. Their event horizon cannot withdraw.  When two black holes collide, their event horizons’ size is as big as both of those black holes before they collide. When black holes collide, they send a gravitational wave. And that wave is an energy impulse that forms when those black holes collide, meaning a small portion of their mass is converted into energy that is released as gravitational waves. But why does the size of those black holes' event horizon not decrease? 

The reason for that is in the nature of the spacetime and the universe. The thing that keeps a black hole in its form is the material and energy that forms a whirl around it. As the universe expands, the quantum fields and material pressure against the black hole weaken. That means that. The energy that keeps the black hole in its form turns weaker. When a black hole sends gravitational waves, it sends its event horizon’s “shell” away from it. The idea is that decreasing the energy level of the whirl around the black hole sucks energy out from the event horizon. 

In that model, the gravitational wave forms. When the whirl around the black hole jumps out of it. When the energy level in the whirl around the black hole decreases, that whirl jumps out from the black hole. The Schwarzschild radius is the singularity’s distance to the point at which the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. That distance depends on the mass of the singularity. The Schwarzschild radius doesn’t depend on the whirl that surrounds the black hole. Actually, the Schwarzschild radius depends on the black hole’s mass and energy relation with its environment. 

The idea is that when we are in the middle of the quantum system. And we face a global change. That affects all particles. When a black hole loses its mass, the universe or space around it loses its energy in the same relation. That means the relation with the black hole and its environment is the same. We cannot see global changes in the system if we are in it. 

All mass in a black hole is in the structure called a singularity, where material, energy, and time are connected together. In this model, gravity waves form in the black hole’s gravity field. In that process, the black hole loses a photon. 

The interaction between the black hole and its environment is complicated. Materia is one energy form. It’s like a pack of energy. You can imagine what energy level is stored in a singularity, where an entire star, whose mass is many suns, is pressed into a size that is smaller than an atom. That is a lot of energy packed in a very compact space. Otcoming energy keeps that structure in its form. And without that energy that comes from outside, the energy  stored in that structure is released. So, the mass is relative to its environment. When a black hole binds energy from its environment, its own energy level rises. That process happens because a black hole spins. Without that spin, the black hole, or its singularity, cannot bind energy that travels against it. 

Above: A Spiral galaxy is a whirl around a supermassive black hole.(Wikipedia)

The singularity must bind more energy than travels into it because its energy level must turn lower than the energy that comes from the environment. The sigularity stores energy. If the energy level that the singularity can release turns higher. Than its environment. That thing starts to evaporate. So the question is not about how much energy is stored in the singularity. The question is about. How much energy can it release? When singularity releases its energy, it must have a higher energy level than the whirl it brings into it. Energy and material continue their spiral-shaped trajectory behind the event horizon. So the whirl around the event horizon continues behind the event horizon, and that spiral structure turns tighter and tighter. Without that whirl, the black hole will detonate. 

That spinning movement forms the whirl around it. And we see those whirls. Around supermassive black holes. As a spiral galaxy. This means that it's possible that the only existing black holes are spinning black holes. This spinning movement forms an energy transition in the singularity. Without that spin, the black hole would release energy. And that causes detonation. This means gravity forms when spinning particles bind energy, or quantum fields into them. That energy transports particles to those gravity centers. 

The mass is also relative to its environment and the gravitational field. Energy levels in energy fields are relative. To other energy fields, energy levels. Even if a black hole loses its mass, its environment loses its energy. And that means the black hole’s mass compared to its environment is stable. 

When we say that black holes oscillate, we mean that black hole sends gravitational waves. That doesn’t mean that the event horizon moves backward. The interaction means that the environment sucks those waves away from the event horizon. That means the point where the event horizon was before the gravity waves stays stable. 

The event horizon is the locked energy that surrounds. Something inside that structure. The distance of the event horizon from the core of the black hole is the Schwarzschild radius. Black holes spin, and that spin binds energy from around that thing. A black hole binds energy from its environment. And transforms it into kinetic energy. This process is one of the forms of gravity. The whirl, or the transition disk around the black hole, keeps that structure in its form. The whirl pushes energy to the black hole. Without that, the black hole detonates. When the universe expands, energy in that whirl turns lower. And that allows the black hole to send a gravitational wave. 

And then another layer in the event horizon takes the place of the shell that was left out of the event horizon. The idea in that model is that. The structure in the event horizon forms layers, which means the gravitational structure in the event horizon. Looks like an onion. The Schwarzschild radius is the distance to the point where the escape velocity reaches the speed of light from the singularity that exists in the center of the event horizon. Because the Schwarzschild radius is static until the singularity starts to lose its mass, the gravitational wave doesn’t decrease the black hole’s mass. The time that the whirl is separated from the event horizon is so short that this interaction has no time to reach the black hole’s core. But if that whirl is gone and the black hole cannot get energy. This causes the black hole to evaporate. And if a black hole is in a cosmic void, we would see that event as a detonation. 

https://www.britannica.com/topic/event-horizon-black-hole

https://as.cornell.edu/news/hawkings-black-hole-theorem-observationally-confirmed

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/quantum-physics/stephen-hawking-s-black-hole-radiation-paradox-could-finally-be-solved-if-black-holes-aren-t-what-they-seem

https://news.mit.edu/2021/hawkings-black-hole-theorem-confirm-0701

https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Black_hole_merger_provides_strongest_evidence_yet_for_Hawking_area_law_999.html

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/black-hole-merger-provides-clearest-evidence-yet-that-einstein-hawking-and-kerr-were-right

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius

Organic molecules don’t mean life. And mysterious methane and rings in the Kuiper Belt.

Organic molecules don’t mean life. And mysterious methane and rings in the Kuiper Belt. 

“An artist’s impression of plumes erupting onto the surface of Enceladus. Its fellow moon Titan is seen in the sky, and the distant Sun beyond. Credit: ESA/Science Office”

Saturn’s moon Enceladus has long dazzled scientists with its icy plumes that spew water and mysterious organic molecules into space, fueling hopes of a habitable ocean beneath. But new experiments suggest the story may be more complicated.”

“Researchers found that radiation bombarding Enceladus’s frozen surface could be producing many of the same organics detected in the plumes — meaning they might not come from the hidden ocean at all. This twist forces scientists to rethink how we interpret signs of habitability on icy moons.” (The Shocking Twist in the Search for Life on Saturn’s Icy Moon)

“Electron microscopy revealed chain structures resembling living organisms in meteorite fragment ALH84001” (Wikipedia, Allan Hills 84001). If those remnants are bacteria, they can be from Earth. There is a possibility that those bacteria. If they are bacteria. that came from Antarctic ice, and they traveled to the meteorite. Because its heat “called” those bacteria. Anyway, that meteorite is polluted. The temperature in Antarctica is not so low that it could keep that meteorite sterile. 

“An image of the rock named “Cheyava Falls” in the “Bright Angel formation” in Jezero crater, Mars collected by the WATSON camera onboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. The image shows a rust-colored, organic matter bearing sedimentary mudstone sandwiched between bright white layers of another composition. The small dark blue/green to black colored nodules and ring-shaped reaction fronts that have dark rims, and bleached interiors are proposed to be potential biosignatures. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS” (ScitechDaily, Strange Mars Mudstones May Hold the Strongest Clues Yet of Ancient Life)

“NASA’s Perseverance rover has uncovered mysterious mudstones in Mars’ Jezero Crater that contain organic carbon and strange mineral textures.” (ScitechDaily, Strange Mars Mudstones May Hold the Strongest Clues Yet of Ancient Life)

“These features, possibly shaped by redox reactions similar to those fueled by microbes on Earth, may represent potential biosignatures.” (ScitechDaily, Strange Mars Mudstones May Hold the Strongest Clues Yet of Ancient Life)

Confirmed life in our solar system is limited to planet Earth. All other harbors for life are hypothetical. It’s possible that there have been some kind of lifeforms on Mars, but before there is any laboratory analysis about samples brought from Mars, nothing is more uncertain than uncertain. NASA says that there is “strong evidence” that some primitive lifeforms, like prokaryotic bacteria, could have lived on Mars a long time ago. 

Confirmation about that thing can be very difficult. If there have been some bacteria on Mars, the thin atmosphere that lets UV-radiation reach the Mars surface can destroy all genetic material. From those bacteria.  Those remnants would be hollows in stones. Without DNA or RNA, it is impossible to confirm that some form is from bacteria. 

There are strange forms in some meteorites, but the problem is that those meteorites, including Allan Hills 84001 from Antarctica, are polluted. That means those primitive bacterial fossils, if they are bacterial fossils, can be from Earth. There have also been organic materials in Saturn's Enceladus moons' icy geysers. There is a possibility that these organic materials are formed due to sunlight. 

Maybe Saturn will pull ions to Enceladus, and that can cause the formation of those organic compounds. But as we know, there is a possibility that there can be lifeforms in that icy world. Otherwise, Organic molecules can form. Because of some kind of chemical reactions that have no biological origin. 

“An SwRI-led team used Webb telescope observations (white) to detect methane gas on the distant dwarf planet Makemake. Sharp emission peaks near 3.3 microns reveal methane in the gas phase above Makemake’s surface. A continuum model (cyan) is overlaid for comparison; the gas emission peaks are identified where the observed spectrum rises above the continuum. An artistic rendering of Makemake’s surface is shown in the background. Credit: Courtesy of S. Protopapa, I. Wong/SwRI/STScI/NASA/ESA/CSA” (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Detects Gas on Distant Dwarf Planet Makemake for the First Time)

Telescopes noticed gas on the dwarf planet Makemake. 

The surprise was that the gas JWST detected is methane. That means there are some chemical reactions on those distant worlds. Those dwarf planets like Makemake are so far away that they cannot get methane from places like Titan. And that is one of the most interesting things in the universe. There is a possibility that weak energy from the distant sun, along with some ions, can have so much energy that. It can push carbon and hydrogen together in a very low-energy but stable environment. 

 Makemake is far away from Earth in the Kuiper Belt. That dwarf planet is one of the coldest places in our solar system. That’s why existing gas is a surprise. But conditions in the Kuiper Belt are incredibly stable. Makemake can pull gases from space around it. And that thing makes it possible that those dwarf planets have a thin atmosphere. Those objects called trans-Neptunian objects TNOs are so far away from the sun that the solar wind has no force to blow those atmospheres away. And that’s why some dwarf planets like Makemake can have atmospheres. 

“Artist's impression of Quaoar with its ring and its moon Weywot” (Wikipedia, Quaoar)

“Quaoar compared to the Earth and the Moon” (Wikipedia, Quaoar)

Researchers noticed that the dwarf planet Quaoar may have another moon or some unknown ring system. Quaoar has a ring system and one known moon. That is an incredible thing, because that dwarf planet is very small. The ring system can form around that dwarf planet when its moon acts like Saturn’s and other gas planets’ rings. Shepherd moons that trap particles between them. 

The problem is that the shepherd moons are always on both sides of their ring. There is a possibility that Quaoar’s moon Weywot and its gravity can trap those particles between Quaoar and Weywot, but is that moon’s and Quaoar’s gravity so strong that they can trap those particles? 

But those rings are in the place where those planets’ Van Allen belts are. Shepherd moons from holes between rings. But the plasma ring. Around those gas giants is the thing that traps most of those particles. That means Quaoar must, or should have, some kind of magnetic field. 

That dwarf planet is mysterious. It's too small for internal nuclear reactions to form those plasma rings. Its moon seems very far away from that dwarf planet. And that is one of the most interesting things about that distant and mysterious object. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-09-discovery-moon-orbiting-mysterious-distant.html

https://scitechdaily.com/the-shocking-twist-in-the-search-for-life-on-saturns-icy-moon/

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/strange-mars-mudstones-may-hold-the-strongest-clues-yet-of-ancient-life/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-detects-gas-on-distant-dwarf-planet-makemake-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaoar

Alien civilizations again and again.

  Alien civilizations again and again. 

“New simulations suggest the Galactic Habitable Zone isn’t fixed: when stars migrate across the Milky Way, the odds of rocky, potentially temperate worlds, especially in the outer disk, can rise markedly. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Our Galaxy’s Sweet Spot for Life Is Bigger Than We Thought)

There is a possibility that NASA’s Perseverance rover found some kind of bacterial remnants on Mars. There was an ocean in the northern hemisphere. Then the planet froze, lost its atmosphere. And then the UV radiation destroyed the water. The reason for that can be the lack of a magnetic field. It’s possible that the chaotic magma structure explains that thing. When Mars faced its last catastrophe, the impact could break its core. And that caused the loss of the magnetic field. 

And then to aliens. 

This discussion begins every autumn. Are we alone in the Universe? The answer is this: until aliens call, we are alone. The only fact that we have is that nobody answered. Or nobody made contact outside Earth. Or there are no confirmed alien technosignals. This means that we might be alone in our galaxy, or there can be one or more other civilizations. And maybe some civilizations are already destroyed, because they failed the ultimate test. That failure can be the civil war. 

Or it can be an overestimation of one's own technical skills. In some models. Pre-Kadashev-scale civilization can test things like an antimatter rocket. And then there will be some leak in the capsule. That causes annihilation that can destroy the entire planet, in this case. The civilization that reaches the Kardashev-scale 1 starts to build an antimatter rocket that can give them access to the entire solar system. Then there is a leak in the antimatter capsule. But then. We must realize a couple of things. 

“Longstanding model of the Galactic habitable Zone, which is estimated to exist between 7-9 kiloparsecs from the center of the galaxy. However, recent research calls this into question.” Credit: NASA/Caltech. (ScitechDaily, Our Galaxy’s Sweet Spot for Life Is Bigger Than We Thought)

When we talk about aliens. First, intelligent aliens are different from techno-aliens and primitive life forms. A water planet can host lifeforms. Those lifeforms will not be intelligent. Those lifeforms can be something that lives in their seas. Those creatures could be some kind of bacteria. Or algae. Another thing is intelligence. Without a certain type of atmosphere, that alien race cannot make fire, and they require that skill to  melt metals. There is a possibility that the first humans melted metals in volcanoes or lava. But this method uses a natural heat source. It is not as simple a method for melting metals as using fire. 

As the fire that those aliens can make using matches or friction. Intelligence doesn’t mean that a creature turns technical. Or it can form a technical civilization. If the star that they orbit is too heavy and too bright. That makes the star too short-lived for the creature to form anything technical. Also, it's possible that the black holes or some nova or supernova explosion near the civilization’s own star sterilizes their planet, or there is a possibility. that their own planet is metal-poor. That means there are no metals. There are millions or even billions of things that can go wrong before civilization can fly to the stars. 

The planet can travel too close to Sagittarius A, and near the center of galaxies, the radiation can destroy those planets. There is a so-called habitable area in a galaxy. And at that zone, stars are mature enough that planetary systems can form around them. Those planets must be solid, and their trajectories must be stable enough. There must not be a large number of roving pieces. Those pieces can destroy the planet and its lifeforms. 

“Electron microscopy revealed chain structures resembling living organisms in meteorite fragment ALH84001” (Wikipedia, Allan Hills 84001)

And that civilization requires the will to make technical things. Without motivation, those creatures will never fly to space or stars. Or without the need, evolution will not favor things like intelligence. Without catastrophes, the creatures will not rise out of the oceans. They will not require brains or high-level intelligence. 

The locked planets around K-type stars might not be suitable for lifeforms. But those locked planets can offer a place for a technically advanced civilization. To make its stand. That thing means that a locked planet offers unlimited solar power to that civilization or its base. Those creatures can use protective suits and live under domes that help them to protect themselves against those red dwarfs' flares. That kind of case requires. The red dwarf is quite close to the alien solar system, or orbits it. Sometimes we should ask what our technology looks like. If we had a red dwarf at the same distance as Proxima Centauri orbits Alpha Centauri. 

The fact is that Earth is the only planet with confirmed lifeforms. But it’s possible. That there was some kind of microscopic life on Mars. Before that planet froze, lost its atmosphere, and the UV radiation destroyed water molecules. 

There are some stones that support the Martian lifeforms.  Their problem is that they were found on Earth. The Allan Hills 84001 (ALH84001) meteorite from the South Pole involves structures. That could confirm life on Mars. But the problem is that those bacteria-shaped structures can have an origin on Earth. The South Pole is not cold enough. That it could keep that meteorite sterile. There is a possibility that those. Probably lifeforms that left their markings on the shell of Allan Hills 84001. It can come from Earth. Maybe those primitive creatures felt the heat of that meteorite. And traveled to it. Those strange forms look like primitive creatures. Like rod-shaped cyanobacteria or small tubeworms. 

“NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover took this selfie, made up of 62 individual images, on July 23, 2024. A rock nicknamed “Cheyava Falls,” which has features that may bear on the question of whether the Red Planet was long ago home to microscopic life, is to the left of the rover near the center of the image. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. NASA’s Perseverance rover has identified its most compelling evidence yet for ancient microbial life on Mars.” (ScirchDaily, NASA Perseverance Rover’s Stunning Find May Be Mars’ First Sign of Life)

The question of life in the cosmos is more complicated than we even thought. NASA’s Perseverance Mars vehicle found promising structures on Mars that look like bacteria or their remnants. The thing is that. Those forms in stones look like bacteria, or their remnants. But that doesn’t make them bacteria. But as we know. Perseverance found a sign that could be the first sign. Or strong evidence of life on another planet. 

The Artist’s impression of an alien city. 

So they might not prove anything. In one way or another. The problem is that even those things can be some kind of bacteria. They can arrive from the Earth, with some meteorites or with probes that are not properly disinfected. 

The biggest problem with alien hunting is that nobody has officially seen aliens. There is no confirmed alien DNA. Or confirmed alien cells. This means researchers cannot even know. What they should try to find. Searching for an alien civilization is not searching for a needle in a haystack. It's more difficult. There are as many variables that make models for techno civilizations, or their location is impossible to determine. The techno civilization can be something other than we think it is. Even if those civilizations use microwave ovens, we might not detect those signals. Or maybe we don’t separate those signals from natural microwave signals. We don’t even know if they use radio as data transmission. Or maybe those other civilizations do not exist. 

Existence is a remarkable thing for those civilizations. The civilization that doesn’t answer does not exist. And maybe we don’t want that answer. There is always a possibility that those civilizations are too far away that us cannot hear their radio signals. Another thing is that we are between the Milky Way’s spiral structure. That means we might be a cosmic Eastern island. And maybe we are lucky. 

https://scitechdaily.com/our-galaxys-sweet-spot-for-life-is-bigger-than-we-thought/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-perseverance-rovers-stunning-find-may-be-mars-first-sign-of-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

"Artist’s impression of exoplanet GJ 1132 b and its host M-dwarf star. Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital, CfA"

"JWST confirms GJ 1132 b lacks an atmosphere. This challenges the habitability of planets around M-dwarfs."

(ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere. And that causes some kind of re-estimation of the habitability of the M-type stars. Those M-type stars have violent eruptions that can raise the temperatures of their entire solar systems. Those solar systems are always quite small, and if the planet is in the habitable zone, that means it's locked because of tidal forces. 

The GJ 1132 b is almost a so-called hot Earth. That means there might not be a lifeform. But another question is, can we escalate those observations to other red dwarfs? Red dwarfs, or M-spectral class stars, are not all similar. Some of them are more active than others. 

If the planet is very young, that can explain the lack of atmosphere. The volcanic activity can explain the smoke or fog around the exoplanet GJ 1132 b. Or that slightly larger than Earth exoplanet can pull solar wind from its star, GJ 1132, an M4-type red dwarf, around it. This means the planet’s gravity pulls the gas that the red dwarf sends around it. And if the GJ 1132 b has a magnetosphere that pulls plasma around it. This means G J1132 b borrows its atmosphere from the star GJ 1132. 

The M-6 spectral Class star Proxima Centauri is under the influence of Alpha Centauri, and that means Alpha Centauri A and B’s star wind can affect Proxima Centauri and blow its atmosphere away. Or the gravitational effect of the bigger parts of this triple star system’s larger participants. Can pull the Proxima Centauri atmosphere off. The reaction can go like this. 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1132 b – which now should be updated given its definitive lack of atmosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt" (ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

"Comparison of best-fit size of the exoplanet GJ 1132 b with the Solar System planet Earth, as reported in the Open Exoplanet Catalogue of 2015-11-14.  Open Exoplanet Catalogue (2015-11-14). Retrieved on 2015-11-14." (Wikipedia, GJ 1132 b)

Radiation from a binary star made the red dwarf shine brighter. That made M-star blow its atmosphere larger. Then the gravity and solar wind blew that material away. Some M-stars are more active than others. There are many variables that determine if a planet can have an atmosphere. If the red dwarf is very young, that means it's more active than older red dwarfs. Another thing is this. Planet formation is similar around red dwarfs as it was in our solar system. The planet that forms around M-type stars must have time to freeze.

The difference between M-stars and spectral class G-stars is that red dwarfs formed from a more mature nebula than G-stars. Those interplanetary nebulae formed when stars exploded as novae and supernovae. That means there are more heavy elements in the red dwarf system than in the G-type star systems. That means, there could also be more radioactive isotopes in those planets than in G-type stars’ planets. This could cause an effect. That some of those rocky planets are hotter than they should be. But that is hard to prove. 

The red dwarf could also form in a binary star system when the star’s heliospheres touch each other. That can cause the small star forms in that whirl. There is also a possibility that a red dwarf travels around space, and some bigger star traps it into its gravity field. The red dwarf can also steal planets from bigger stars' solar systems. If they travel close to the distant planets of the larger stars, those red dwarfs can take those planets to orbit around themselves. 

They can also trap rogue planets in their gravity field. There is a possibility that the Proxima Centauri planets originally orbited Alpha Centauri. Then Proxima trapped them in orbit around itself. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-solves-the-mystery-earth-like-planet-gj-1132-b-has-no-atmosphere/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

Can we ever create a Theory of Everything?

 Can we ever create a Theory of Everything? 

"One of the most popular efforts toward a Theory of Everything is string theory, where the Lie Group E8 x E8 is shown here: one realization of 10-dimensional superstring theory. The number of particles, fields, interactions, and dimensions that must be removed to keep the predictions of this overarching framework consistent with what we observe in our Universe is overwhelming, and represents more than 95% of the theory's general predictions." (Big Think, The argument against the existence of a Theory of Everything)

Can we ever create a Theory of Everything? The answer is that the thing requires long-term observations from interstellar and intergalactic space. When we are in the middle of the system, it’s impossible to see the global entirety. We see local entirety, but we cannot see the entire or global scale. In the system. To see the entire system, we must step outside it. We cannot see global phenomena in the universe. In the same way, we cannot see an object’s place if we see the object's speed. So we cannot measure a particle’s place. And the momentum. 

That is a big question. And the answer is that the Theory of Everything, TOE, requires that researchers know every single actor in the universe. That means that we must have knowledge of the internal structures of atoms. We must also have knowledge of the wave movement interactions and behavior at all scales of the universe. That means we must expand our knowledge very much. If we want to make a formula. That introduces all interactions from gluons to galactic superclusters. The biggest problem is this. We don’t have knowledge of what happens in interstellar space. 

All information that we get from space outside the solar system is distorted. That means. Information that we get travels across the heliopause, asteroid belts, and then through the solar wind that travels against it. That thing causes an effect on that information, and we can say that this information is dirty. When information travels into the Milky Way from other galaxies, that information travels through the Milky Way’s own radiation layers.  Another thing that can cause problems with measurements is things that we cannot see, such as typical objects. Maybe. Our star is not as typical a G-2 star as we want to believe. The solar system. Where we live is actually between the Milky Way’s spiral branches. The local group there is a certain type of actor that might have a unique structure. That means rare objects can form almost homogenous groups, but those objects might not be typical on a global scale. 

**********************************************************

"Top: Diagram of the heliosphere as it travels through the interstellar medium:"

"Heliosheath: the outer region of the heliosphere; the solar wind is compressed and turbulent"

"Heliopause: the boundary between the solar wind and interstellar wind where they are in equilibrium."

"Middle: water running into a sink as an analogy for the heliosphere and its different zones (left) and Voyager spacecraft measuring a drop of the solar wind's high-energy particles at the termination shock (right)"

"Bottom: Logarithmic scale of the Solar System and Voyager 1's position." 

(Wikipedia, Heliosphere)

**********************************************************

That means there is less gas and dust around our solar system than around stars that are in spiral branches.  Otherwise, there are fewer stars around the sun than around stars that are in the spiral branches. There is also a possibility that the Milky Way and its companion galaxies are in the cosmic void. That means Milky Way. And their companion galaxies have  lots of cosmic dust from their environment. This means that the dust and gas around those galaxies, and especially around their black holes, might be denser than researchers believed. But otherwise, gas and dust outside galaxies and dwarf galaxies might be thinner than researchers thought. And the other thing is that. The interactions can be far different from what nobody expected. 

If galaxies are in the cosmic plasma bubbles. The energy or wave movement that impacts the plasma bubble causes a situation. The plasma sends energy into that bubble. The bubble focuses energy. Into the middle of the bubble. That forms a standing wave where those energy impulses reflect. The universe is a large place. There can be lots of particles and quasiparticles that cause unexpected reactions. Quasiparticles can act like real particles. And another thing is that radiation, or wave movement. With extremely long wavelengths, they can look like straight waves. 

And those waves can act like thermal pumps. There is a possibility that some wave movement has two wavelengths. Extremely short wavelength. That acts like some kind of snake. That wave movement can act like a thermal pump. Things like energy tornadoes in the energy fields can transport energy. Out of that field. And that forms the situation. That kind of structure in the universe acts like virtual gravity. 

Can the so-called cosmic hum explain something about the nature of dark energy?  

When the Voyager probe crossed the Heliosphere and entered interstellar space, it found the cosmic hum. The radio waves that cannot cross the heliopause. The plasma wave that forms when solar wind impacts particles that come from other stars. There is almost certainly a similar impact wave around the Milky Way galaxy. So there can be wave movements. 

A wavelength that cannot come through that impact wave. That explains why dark energy affects only large-scale structures. That means there can be many types of wave movements that we cannot see. There can be plasma balls around galactic clusters, galactic megaclusters, and even the universe can have some kind of plasma wall in its outer layer. 

This means each of those plasma balls can absorb some wave movement. We always thought that dark energy was one. Homogeneous entirety.  Maybe dark energy has multiple wavelengths. If dark dwarfs destroy dark matter and turn that thing into dark energy, the same thing can happen outside galaxies in cosmic voids that can exist between galaxies. Maybe dark matter particles. The cosmic voids. At a hypothetical level in research, they impact each other. And those impacts send a wave movement. 

When we think about the cosmic voids. And their relationship with things like black holes and dark matter, those voids can rip black holes apart. The same thing can rip visible material in pieces. But if dark matter has only interaction with dark energy and other dark matter particles, there can be a cosmic dark matter void. Those “dark voids” are not dark energy or dark matter. It could be invisible to us. That kind of void can rip dark matter in pieces. 

So when we think about the role of the cosmic voids. In the structures that we know as the Universe, we must ask what made those bubbles. Things like the Boötes void formed when some energy impulse whipped matter and possibly also energy out from that point. The energy impulse caused the shockwave that formed those voids. Or something annihilated material out of the cosmic void. Those cosmic voids can play a bigger role in energy movements. That we have ever imagined. The cosmic void is the thing that could put energy into motion. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/argument-against-theory-of-everything/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

A new mysterious object has been discovered at the edge of the solar system.

 A new mysterious object has been discovered at the edge of the solar system. 

“A composite image showing the five dwarf planets recognized by the International Astronomical Union, plus the newly discovered trans-Neptunian object 2017 OF201. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech; image of 2017 OF201: Sihao Cheng et al.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover Mysterious New World at Edge of the Solar System

The JWST telescope discovered a mysterious object, designated 2017 OF201, at the edge of the solar system. That object is one of the so-called trans-Neptunian objects, TNOs. That opens new paths to discover new planets and dwarf planets in our solar system. The 2017 OF201 is the dwarf planets. These are introduced in the image. Above this text. 

Most of those dwarf planets are found in the Kuiper Belt, and only Ceres is in the asteroid belt. That means there can be many dwarf planets hiding in the Kuiper Belt. And that is one of the most interesting questions about dwarf planets. Why are there no dwarf planets in the inner solar system? The dwarf planets are interesting because some of them might have formed as moons of planets. And maybe. Some dwarf planets have been part of larger planets. Those were destroyed in cosmic collisions. 

Most of those dwarf planets are in the Kuiper Belt. That raises the idea that maybe some of those small objects are from other solar systems. Maybe some of those small worlds have been some kind of rogue worlds that slipped away from some red dwarf system, or maybe some nova or supernova threw some of those dwarf planets out of their orbits. Or maybe those things were Uranus’s or Neptune’s moons that some cosmic catastrophe threw out from their orbit. 

The gravity effect that comes from some planets, or some kind of particle beam. Or asteroid impacts can cause an effect. Those small moons that are at a long distance from their planet just go out of their trajectories. The interesting detail in those dwarf planets is that Haumea. Which looks like an egg. It is larger than the ball-shaped Ceres. The shape of Haumea tells. that it has been fast-spinning when it formed. The fast spinning movement stretched that dwarf planet, or there must be some internal effect, like some kind of beam. that stretched that dwarf planet into shape as we see it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-mysterious-new-world-at-edge-of-the-solar-system/