The origin of GRB (Gamma-Ray Bursts) is not probably in black holes, a new study says.

Researching the GRB (Gamma-Ray Bursts) is not very easy. The GRB is the effect that has the highest energy level in the universe. Nobody knows what form those most high-energy radiation impulses. Sometimes claimed, that impacting black holes are forming those things. 

Confirmation of those things requires that researchers can compile gravitational waves with GRBs. In some very popular theories, a fast-collapsing black hole sends the GRBs. The fact is that there might be multiple reasons for gamma-ray bursts. 

There are three types of gamma-ray bursts

1) Short gamma-ray bursts

2) Long gamma-ray bursts

3) Ultra-long gamma-ray bursts. 

And there is a possibility that those GRB types have different origins. And there is also the possibility that different effects can form similar-looking radiation effects.

Gamma rays are the most high-energy radiation in the universe. That makes it very hard to detect. And the problem for researchers in GRBs:s is that they are unique. They are not repeating. So when the sensor catches that radiation burst it's over. The new research claims that GRB forms in very hot young stars. 

Maybe the reason for that is the beginning of nuclear reactions. But there is a possibility that things like black hole gamma- or X-ray beams hit just born a blue giant. And that thing can form those very powerful radiation bursts.

When we are thinking about this model, we must realize one thing. The young super-hot stars or blue giants are involving mainly hydrogen. When a gamma-ray beam hits that star it rises the radiation level of that star. 

There is the possibility that in a short moment, the hot young star gets an electron core when the radiation beam from the star's nucleus pushes electrons to the same side as protons. At that moment star has multiple electron cores that are forming an onion-looking structure. That remains only a short moment. 

That forms the energy impact away from the star. And that energy impact forms the warp bubble. 

The rising radiation level could push other quantum fields away and form the short-term WARP bubble around that star. So in a short moment. Particles that leave from that star travel faster than they should. And when that warp bubble collapses the particle sends radiation when its speed decreases. 

 In some other theories things, like crossing gamma-ray beams from black holes can form GRBs. The GRB is a fascinating mystery. In less than a second something sends an extremely high-energy radiation beam to the universe. 

Image 2)

The Fermi bubbles at the center of the Milky Way are confirmed to be impact radiation. 

When radiation beams leave from Sagit A they are also taking particles and ions with them. They are also forming extremely high-energy plasma that expands like all other gas. That high-energy material forms two impact areas. And in those impact waves is forming gamma- or X-rays. Image 3 shows the impact areas that are forming the Fermi bubbles.

When particles leave from black holes' transition areas, they form wind where particles travel 1000 kilometers per second. "These winds travel outwards and interact with surrounding “halo gas,” causing a “reverse shock” that creates a characteristic temperature peak. The Fermi bubbles correspond to the volume on the inside of this reverse shock front". ScitechDaily.com/“Reverse Shock” – Mysterious Gamma-Ray Emitting Bubbles Around the Center of Our Galaxy Explained)

Image 3: 

There are two radiation bubbles at both poles of Sagit A the supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy. Those gamma-ray bubbles look a little bit like acetylene flames. The thing that forms those bubbles is impact radiation. The structure that forms around the radiation beam looks a little bit like a candle. 

Sagittarius A is a supermassive black hole that sends radiation beams to space from both of its poles. That radiation is powerful X-and gamma-rays. When those radiation beams hit atoms and ions it pumps energy to them. And then those particles are sending that extra radiation away from them. That effect forms two fermi bubbles on both poles of that black hole. 

In those bubbles, part of the radiation left from atoms travels backward. And impacts with radiation that comes from the radiation beams of Sagit A. In that case, the radiation forms a standing wave movement where the power of radiation increases. 

https://scitechdaily.com/not-black-holes-astronomers-may-need-to-rethink-how-gamma-ray-bursts-are-formed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://scitechdaily.com/reverse-shock-mysterious-gamma-ray-emitting-bubbles-around-the-center-of-our-galaxy-explained/

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

Researchers made two entangled light beams. And that is a breakthrough in long-term and long-distance quantum communication.

"Researchers using an optical parametric oscillator light source succeeded in producing two entangled light beams. (Artist’s concept.)" (ScitechDaily.com/ Quantum Breakthrough: Light Source Produces Two Entangled Light Beams)

One of the reasons why quantum computers are under development is that they are hard to jam. Regular binary computers use the binary system. The binary system's model is the 2D data structure. Data, that is stored in mass memory. Forms of data allocation units. Those data allocation units can be bits or bytes etc...  (Bit or Byte is the size of the data allocation unit)

The problem with 2D data structure is this.  If two programs or event handlers (or data handlers)  try to touch the same unit this thing causes that system will jam. The event handlers cannot copy information from the same point to two different places. The problem is that in 2D data structure is that the data allocation units cannot go over each other. 

In quantum systems, data allocation units can go over one another. A qubit-form data allocation unit forms a 3D structure like a tower. So if two event handlers need to use the same data allocation unit. At the same time, they can touch the qubit from the data allocation unit in different places. In quantum systems, the qubit's layers or states' order is not as important as it's in 2D systems. If each state involves information that was its place in the qubit. The system knows how to remake the qubit. 

If we want to send information by using quantum networks we have one small problem. We must confirm the message that the receiver gets involving the same information, that the sender packed in the message. If something misses the sender must send the information again. The best way is to send the same message by using two routes. In that version, the system compares the information, that travels in both lines. 

The system can reduce the number of data units between those lines. And if the checksum is zero, that means data that travels in those data lines is identical. That thing requires the ability to make two identical superpositioned and entangled light or some other electromagnetic beams. If we think that we want to send information from point A to point B. And use this kind of technology. 

We must be sure that information doesn't travel through the same disturbance. If information travels through the same disturbance that can cause an identical error in the information package. So the system must send information back to the sender. And that verifies if the involvement of the information package is not changed. 

When researchers create more advanced and effective security methods. Those works have two purposes. 

1) Secure involvement of information package against eavesdroppers. 

2) Secure involvement of the information package against changes. 

The second purpose of security means. The information that the receiver gets identifies what the sender sends. So protecting the involvement of the information package is the prime purpose of security. 

Security is needed in long- and short-distance communication. The system must protect data when it travels in the system or between systems. The vulnerability can be fatal in the microchip's internal communication and communication between two systems. 

If the speed of systems is extremely high even short-term artifact effects cause very bad damage to the data packages. In mathematical calculations, even a small error causes wrong results. And in mathematics is only right and wrong answers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-breakthrough-light-source-produces-two-entangled-light-beams/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Antihelium nuclei measure galaxies over long distances.

"llustration of antihelium annihilation in the ALICE detector at CERN as well as in the universe. Credit: ORIGINS Cluster/S. Kwauka" (ScitechDaily/Search for Dark Matter: Antihelium Nuclei As Messengers From the Depths of the Galaxy)

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) sensor of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) uses antihelium nuclei first time for detecting dark matter. The operators want to use antihelium for detecting interactions between weak wave movement and sensors. The idea is that the antihelium nuclei or so-called anti-alpha-particle, where protons have a negative electric load can detect some wave movements more easily than regular helium nuclei or alpha particles. 

And the reason for that is the antihelium is sterile. That means it would not receive electromagnetic wave movement the same way as regular helium nuclei. This makes it easier to measure changes in that ion's weight and the size of its quantum field. 

Gravitational waves should have a scattering effect similar to light and radio waves. And when scattering gravitational waves impact with other gravitational waves. That causes the maser effect that increases the power of those gravitational waves. 

The problem with dark matter detection is that nobody knows the form of dark matter. There is the gravitational effect that the source is unknown. Also, there is a mystery curve in Muon-particle's trajectory in Brookhaven and Fermilab laboratories. So did that muon hit something that was not seen, and could that thing be dark matter? 

Dark matter must not be real material to affect the muon's trajectory. Dark matter can be so-called virtual material. In that model, the unknown gravitational effect is some kind of gravitational maser effect. The idea is that gravitational waves act like all other wave movements. That means gravitational waves also have scattering effects like light and radio waves.

But there is the possibility that dark matter is some kind of channel. That means something that travels at extremely high-speed forms the channel where electromagnetic wave movement falls. But the problem is this, nobody has confirmed the detection of dark matter. The gravitational effect that is called dark matter is a mystery. And sometimes researchers say that dark matter does not exist. 

Or maybe they should say: "Probably dark matter has no material form at all". Maybe, dark matter is virtual material that forms when gravitational wave movement increases its strength. The fact is that the form of dark matter is a mystery. There must be some source for the gravitational interaction that is the second dominating effect in the universe. 

Why is antihelium ion effective tool for annihilation measurements?

It's easier to calculate the predicted energy production of sterile particles than some very old particles. In particle collimation measurements system calculates differences between predicted and real energy levels. During those tests, the system also detects the changes in the decreasing energy level of those impacted particles. If the decreasing energy curve is not straight. That tells something about the origin of the quantum fields that connect with the antihelium nuclei or some other particle that travels in the particle accelerator. The reason why antihelium is a so effective detector is. 

Its annihilation stays longer than electron-positron annihilation. Also, a larger surface area of antihelium or antihelium ions guarantees. That antihelium can catch more quantum anomalies on its surface than smaller positrons. And those things are making measurements easier. Because anomalies are stronger. And they last a long time. 

That is why antihelium annihilation is a more effective way to detect dark matter or very weak wave movement than regular helium use. The existence of antimatter is not very long. And that guarantees their purity. Regular helium atoms can exist for billions of years. 

And that thing means. Electromagnetic wave movement is polluted those helium nuclei. When an elementary particle or ion travels across the electromagnetic or quantum field. It takes a little part of that field with it. And that affects the weight of the elementary particle or ion. That change can detect by measuring the annihilation energy of that impact. The problem is how to separate electromagnetic fields that are connected to a particle when it travels in the particle accelerator. And what accumulated over them over billions of years. 

https://scitechdaily.com/search-for-dark-matter-antihelium-nuclei-as-messengers-from-the-depths-of-the-galaxy/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The dark matter mystery.

In some theories, the Big Bang was the Schwinger effect which turned wave movement into particle-antiparticle pairs. The Big Bang was the annihilation that destroyed and reformed particles. A small asymmetry in the relation of particles caused the situation that the material that we know as material forms the universe. 

This thing is interesting because the Schwinger effect always forms the same number of particles and antiparticles. So where came those extra particles that formed material? 

The Big Bang was probably a series of events where material transformed into energy, and again energy transformed back into the material. But then we must realize that dark matter must come from somewhere. Dark matter is a mystery. In the young universe, there was lots of dark matter. And then dark energy replaced dark matter as the most dominating force in the universe. 

There is a possibility. That in the early universe was some type of material that is lost today. That explains why in the young universe was no dark energy. But there was more dark matter. Cosmic inflation explains why the density of dark matter decreases, but what is the origin of free or dark energy that causes the universe's expansion? 

Cosmic inflation means that material density comparison with space decreases. The idea is similar when the balloon is put in a vacuum chamber. The vacuum pulls the balloon larger. 

And the pressure inside it is decreasing. Problem is that the cosmic inflation theory requires that the universe's acceleration speed increases. 

The reason for that is when the distance between objects increases gravitational effect between them decreases. But that thing does not seem quite right. The expansion speed of the universe doesn't accelerate. Or it accelerates less than it should.  

Is the origin of dark energy the annihilation between unknown particle-antiparticle pairs? That means dark energy is an echo from the particles, destroyed a long time ago. 

If we think that the Big Bang formed two or three types of material. That might have no other interaction than gravitation.  In some models, the Big Bang released three types of matter. 

1)Cold Dark matter ********************1)Cold Dark matter

2)Hot Dark matter*******'** or********* 2)Visible material

3)Visible material *********************3)Hot dark matter

Even if dark matter consists of two versions of hot and cold dark matter, that doesn't mean that hot and cold dark matter has a stronger interaction than hot and cold dark matter and visible material. 

There is a possibility that visible matter is between cold and hot dark matter. The existence of hot and cold dark matter is not confirmed. But if visible material is between the hot and cold dark matter. That means dark matter interaction goes through the visible matter. So if that thing is true could the dark energy be the result of that unproven interaction? 

If visible material is between cold and dark matter that means the dark matter forms a giant maser effect in the universe. The idea in that model is that before the "real Big Bang" happened that event released dark matter. 

Then the ring of visible material is released, and finally, another wave of dark matter is released into the universe. That model is taken from nuclear bombs where lots of radiation is released just before the weapon explodes. 

The fact is that. Dark matter is not proven to be material at all. In some visions, the dark matter is some kind of gravitational maser effect. But that thing is very hard to prove. We know that there is some kind of gravitational effect whose source is unknown. And that's almost everything that we know about dark matter. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

The universe expands, but the expansion rate is not accelerating.

The acceleration speed of the universe is constant Between 45 and 50 km/s/Mpc. The speed of acceleration doesn't increase. And that is interesting. Because when an object's distance increases gravitational interaction between them turns weaker. And that means the acceleration speed should increase. 

So what does this mean? Is in the middle of the universe some kind of dominating gravitational effect, like an extremely large black hole? Or some yet unknown gravitational effect that stays at a stable distance from galaxies. And that causes a question: is there some kind of yet unknown layer inside the universe? 

There is another interesting detail about the speed of light in the universe. The speed of light is the cosmic constant that is stable in a vacuum. But different mediums are affecting that speed. So if light travels through some structures, it slows light. So could there be some kind of structure that causes errors in redshift? 

But one of the most interesting questions in the universe is where all its material is gone. Today universe has much fewer atoms than in the young universe. There was no dark energy at all in 380 000 years old universe. So where does dark energy come from? This is one of the most interesting questions in cosmology. 

If we think that quantum vaporization is the reason that dark energy or free energy started to affect and dominate the system. We must also understand that energy doesn't come from anything. 

If we think that dark energy is the result of hypothetical dark matter particles turning to wave motion we can think that dark matter and visible matter both have cosmic inflation. But does cosmic inflation affect differently to dark matter and visible matter? Or does cosmic inflation time different in dark matter and dark energy? 

The Big Bang is normally oversimplified. The Big Bang is the event or series of events where the universe began. 

Cosmic expansion is an interesting thing. If we think that all material in the universe came from a single point called the Big Bang we are oversimplifying that effect. If the Schwinger effect formed the universe it could form two universes our universe and the antiuniverse. In the antiuniverse, time goes like in our universe. But the difference between those universes is that in antiuniverse protons are negative. And electrons are positive. 

So the real name for the hypothetical antiuniverse is the antimaterial universe. The reason why somebody believes that thing is in Schwinger effect. When crossing wave movement turns to particles, the Schwinger-effect forms particle-antiparticle pair. If the energy level of that effect is high enough it pushes those particles and their anti-particle pairs so far away that they are not returning together. 

If those particle-antiparticle pairs touch each other the result is annihilation. Those particles and their anti-particle pairs turn back to radiation. So, were there some yet unknown particles in the young universe that do not exist anymore? When we think about the form of the Big Bang, we must realize that the biggest question is where all material of that event came from. If the universe's origin was the Schwinger effect, there must be some origin for the wave motion. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-expansion-not-accelerating/

https://plancksatellite.org.uk/science/timeline/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Revolutionary AI system learns by using text, video, and audio.

The new AI system can connect information, that it gets from text, video, and audio. This new AI-based system can connect itself with multiple systems more effectively, than ever before. And that thing makes the system very effective. 

At this point, we must realize one thing. The AI itself is a platform-free application. So the system can use things like robot bodies and surveillance cameras as the physical tool that increases its operational environment. If learning AI works with the robot. Their AI can operate as a visible control system. 

Or it can operate backward and send information to the central system. That central system interconnects data that it collects from the network, robots, and other things. That allows the system can collect multipurpose data matrix. That it connects data from multiple data-handling tools. 

Machine learning means the ability to connect memory blocks. Same way, when the human brain connects neurons to virtual neurons, the learning machine connects databases to new entirety. And that is one of the biggest advances in data sciences. 

But without data is no databases. And without databases is no learning. The problem is how to input data into databases. The answer is that the system can use cameras and microphones to get information. Those cameras and microphones can be installed in the robot's body. 

If the AI uses robots as the medium it's even more flexible than pure network-based solutions. The idea is that AI can operate as a hybrid application. In those models, the AI solution is a combination of software- and hardware-based solutions. 

Complicated algorithms require powerful computers and effective internet connections. For learning machines information is the material. That is used for making new solutions. Learning machines can make virtual solutions or physical solutions. 

There is the possibility that the AI makes virtual models like CAD images of the work. And if the engineer accepts it, the system will transfer it to industrial robots and 3D printers that make a physical product. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionary-ai-system-learns-concepts-shared-across-video-audio-and-text/

https://networkedinternet.blogspot.com/

Drones are deadly weapons.

Shahed-136

The Ukrainian war shows how effective tool drone is. The Russian air defense could destroy all Beyraktar drones. But before that, the Bayraktars terminated lots of Russian equipment and men. So the efficiency of those drones is good. 

Another name for loitering ammunition or kamikaze drones is cruise missiles. The problem is that almost anybody can make the kamikaze drone at home. Basically kamikaze drone is an RC airplane that carries explosives. 

There are also anti-tank versions of those loitering ammunition. Those versions are just artillery recon drones or target drones equipped with suitable warheads. 

And even if Russian air defense destroyed them.  Those drones played a big role at the beginning of the war. Today we see how effective cheap Iranian drones are against fixed Ukrainian targets.

Lucky for Ukraine, Shahed-136 drones are very primitive. They can fly by using fixed routes. And they don't even change altitudes. 

Shahed-136 cannot make any escape and evasion movements. So when that drone is located. It's quite easy to shoot down. 

And even if Ukrainian air defense shoots most of those slow drones. A couple of them are reaching targets. This is the key element in drone operation, lots of cheap drones can send at the same time, against multiple targets. The maximum speed of those drones is about 150 km/h. Even if those drones are easy to reach by using a car or combat helicopter. And they are easy to destroy. 

A large number of those loitering ammunition guarantees that some of them reach the target. Drones are like all other aircraft. They are hard to see but easy to destroy if the ammunition hits them. The new anti-aircraft missiles are effective against drones. But the problem is that they must see drones before they can be used. 

Black Hornet

The price of effective missiles like Patriot is 3 million per shot. Their target price is less than 3000 dollars. The number of lost drones in missions in 2020 was 24. And it increased. But then. The high command can accept the loss of 24 drones because no friendly crews were dangered. 

The low price of the GPS systems means that the cheap mobile telephone can modify the brain of those drones. And GPS/GLONASS guarantees high enough accuracy that those drones can destroy or damage oil refineries, power plants, transformer substations, factories, and other large structures. 

The small drones that Ukrainians use against Russian infantry and armored vehicles are also very effective. Those drones are just little modified versions of drones that people can buy from supermarkets. 

Those drones are equipped with systems that can drop hand grenades at enemy positions. Sometimes those hand grenades slipped into tanks from the open hatches. And that destroyed those tanks. If those small-size drones are equipped with thermobaric hand grenades the lethal radius of those bombs is 30 meters. 

The Ukrainian military also used pocket-size killer drones that can take off individual shooters. In the wrong hands, those pocket-size drones can cause a big risk to national security. They can leave in position. And then those drones can attack their targets. The small miniature drones can control by using satellite data transmission. And those drones are giving ICBM missiles the ability to kill individual people from the streets. 

The killer drones and loitering ammunition can have similar target recognition and attack capacity as Javelin missiles. There are multiple different drone variants in use. Some drones are equipped with similar radiation-homing equipment with HARM (High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles). This makes them effective against radio transmitters. That kind of drone can destroy any radio source. 

Switchblade

The thing that makes drones dangerous is advancing technology. When we think that a 60 € mobile telephone can give drones the same accuracy that made in the 1990s by using equipment that cost millions of Euros, we must concern about the future. The reason for that is. All models that we made against drones are old fashion. 

Image recognition systems are giving drones pinpoint accuracy. And the first supersonic drones are in use. AI-controlled weapons are under development. And the fact is that the fear that Russia or China will be first is making other nations create new terminator weapons. If those international contracts limit that development, we are in big trouble. 

International contracts limit many things like the development of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. But those weapons are under development. 

International laws prohibit things like extortion. But somehow, those cases happen quite often. Drones are big ammo over the battlefield. If we think, that some country loses 24 tanks in the mission, that is not the end of the tank. In the case of war, we must realize that somebody doesn't care about contracts. 

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/17/what-are-kamikaze-drones-and-how-did-they-get-to-ukraine

https://www.flightglobal.com/military-uavs/record-number-of-uav-shoot-downs-prompt-new-usaf-tactics-and-countermeasure-pod/138908.article

https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-what-are-iranian-kamikaze-drones-and-will-the-us-send-the-deadly-mq-9-reaper-12737283

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/drone-assassins-micro-killing-machine/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment_Switchblade

https://yle.fi/a/74-20011489

https://networkedinternet.blogspot.com/