Do neutron stars have quark cores?

  Do neutron stars have quark cores? 

"New theoretical analysis places the likelihood of massive neutron stars hiding cores of deconfined quark matter between 80 and 90 percent. The result was reached through massive supercomputer runs utilizing Bayesian statistical inference." (ScitechDaily.com/Neutron Stars’ Inner Mysteries: A Glimpse Into Quark-Matter Cores)

Neutron star's inner cores might involve quark cores. That means there could be also quark stars in the universe. Theoretical models made at the University of Helsinki support the possibility that heavy neutron stars are quark cores. That thing opens a very interesting vision for gravitation and star research. In theoretical models, Magnetars are very light neutron stars. Which shell rotates very fast around its structure. That forms a very strong magnetic field. 

In heavy neutron stars. Gravity locks structure into its entirety. And that makes those heavy neutron stars' magnetic fields weaker but their gravity fields are stronger. That means gravity seems acting like some kind of membrane or strings. That travels between or through neutrons. And that locks the structure into one piece. 

"Artist’s impression of the different layers inside a massive neutron star, with the red circle representing a sizable quark-matter core. Credit: Jyrki Hokkanen, CSC" (ScitechDaily.com/Neutron Stars’ Inner Mysteries: A Glimpse Into Quark-Matter Cores)

Hypothetical quark star: an object intermediate. Between neutron stars and black holes.

We can think that the quark star is an object intermediate between neutron stars and black holes. Nobody has seen that thin yet, so it's a theoretical object. 

The mass of neutron stars determines their quark core's size. And in light neutron stars might not be quark core. Then there would be no quark core or a very small quark core in magnetars. But the part of the pure quark structure in neutron stars rises when their mass rises. And when a collapsing star's mass is high enough all neutrons turn into quarks and form a quark star. 

But then we can continue this thinking game. The idea is that the model can also be in white dwarfs and black holes. So in a very heavy white dwarfs could be neutron stars inside them. In a very heavy quark stars could be back holes in the free quark structure. 

The quark star forms when a neutron star turns too heavy that neutrons can keep their shells. The extreme gravity along with neutron radiation, strips those quantum fields away from the neutrons. That uncovers quarks. And the quark stars would be much denser than neutron stars. Those quarks send their radiation in the wavelength that is the same as the quark's dimension. And that thing could make the quark star almost invisible. 

The quark structure would be far stronger than the neutron structure. That means inside the heaviest quark structures can form a black hole or area where even light cannot escape. And in that model is possible. That those quarks form a symmetrical quark net around that black hole. That quark net could keep that structure in its form. 

In some models, there is the possibility that also gluons can form structures that are similar to quarks. Those gluon stars are hypothetical things, and they are very close to black holes. In some models when a hypothetical quark star massive gravity pushes those quarks so close to each other. That they will push gluons out from that structure. In that model, the quark stars are the only things between black holes and neutron stars. 

Is there gluon stars?

If a quark star exists, is it possible that gluon stars also exist? Gluon is not fermion. But it's a near possible limit that massive gravity and radiation pressure in a supernova form black hole there is a network of gluons near its event horizon. Gluons are gauge bosons. But a black hole's strong gravity and energy load locks those gluons into position making them interact like quarks that are fermions. 

In some other models intensive pressure and heat in high-mass quark stars can form structures where is only quark-gluon or gluon plasma. That kind of structure is a hypothetical thing. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/calculations-point-to-massive-quark-stars/

https://scitechdaily.com/neutron-stars-inner-mysteries-a-glimpse-into-quark-matter-cores/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

Pandora: searching exomoons.

   Pandora: searching exomoons. 

When we make models of another solar system, we use our solar system as a model. That means the gas giants should have moons because most of the planets in our solar system have moons. But we have not yet seen one. The reason for that is that those exoplanets, like gas giants, can be so massive that small moons cannot cause anomalies in their trajectories. And most of the exomoons should be quite small objects. 

If some large, about Earth-size moon, orbits some massive planet or brown dwarf and the system will not make over overpass between its star and Earth, and the moon doesn't travel between its planet or brown dwarf and Earth those kinds of moons are hard to detect. And if that moon orbits bright stars like G-2 or Sun-type stars it's even harder to see. The star's brightness will not decrease if a small planet travels between it and Earth. Also normal stellar activity, like starspots, can cause changes in the star's brightness. 

This artist’s impression shows a gas giant exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star, exemplified by Kepler-1625b. Credit: NASA (ScitechDaily.com/Pandora’s Box of Cosmic Mysteries: Rethinking Giant Exomoons)

"Several influences can create a moon-like signal in a light curve – even without the presence of an actual moon. Credit: MPS/hormesdesign.de" (ScitechDaily.com/Pandora’s Box of Cosmic Mysteries: Rethinking Giant Exomoons)

"Research reveals that giant gas planets in other star systems often make their Earth-like neighbors uninhabitable by disrupting orbits and climates. Unlike Jupiter’s protective role in our solar system, these planets frequently prevent the development of stable, life-supporting conditions, highlighting the exceptional nature of our planetary configuration. Artist’s depiction of an extra-solar system that is crowded with giant planets. Credit: NASA/Dana Berry." (ScitechDaily.com/Chaos Reigns in the Cosmos: How Giant Gas Planets Threaten Life on Nearby Earth-Like Worlds)

Large gas giants can also endanger lifeforms in exoplanet systems. Large and massive exoplanets pull objects to them. And especially in young solar systems cosmic impacts can strip atmospheres off the planets. Also in more mature systems gas giants pull comets and asteroids to them. And the main question is can the large moon host lifeforms? 

The risk of cosmic impacts is higher near large and massive exoplanets. That thing can cause possible lifeforms can form later on those moons. But otherwise, we can say that Titan has also an atmosphere, and we have not seen any devastating impacts with asteroids and Titan. 

We know that in the past that kind of impact destroyed many protoplanets in the chaotic young solar system. One of those impacts, Earth's impact with a large asteroid or protoplanet Theia almost destroyed Earth. Remnants of that impact still exist in Earth's Magma. Also if the exomoon is too close to its giant planet, that planet can strip off its moon's atmosphere. 

But otherwise, the exomoons can have bigger tidal water. And that means they can be good places for life forms and evolution. But there is a possibility that those tidal forces lock the moon to its planet. That means the hypothetical exomoon would always turn the same side to its planet. In that case, the day on that exomoon lasts the same time as its orbiting time. 

Does the planet lock its moon? That depends on the distance of the moon from its planet. In some models. That moon would travel through the planet's shadow. But the moon can have a polar trajectory that can make it possible for an exomoon's rotation time around its axle could be 24 hours. The distance to the exoplanet determines does the moon locks. 

https://scitechdaily.com/chaos-reigns-in-the-cosmos-how-giant-gas-planets-threaten-life-on-nearby-earth-like-worlds/

https://scitechdaily.com/pandoras-box-of-cosmic-mysteries-rethinking-giant-exomoons/

Relativistic jet: galactic light saber.

   Relativistic jet: galactic light saber. 

"Princeton researchers have found that the M87* black hole expels energy outward, contributing to the formation of massive jets. This discovery, rooted in Einstein’s theory of relativity, challenges traditional views of black holes and could be further tested with advanced telescopes. The study opens new avenues in understanding black hole dynamics, though it stops short of definitively explaining the source of the jets’ power. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com/Einstein’s Twist: Princeton Astrophysicists Unravel the Mystery of Black Hole Jets and Galactic “Lightsabers”)

"An animation showing how the magnetic field crossing the black hole’s event horizon twists up as as the black hole rotates more quickly. A faster-rotating black hole `winds up’ the magnetic field more quickly, causing the black hole to lose more energy to its surroundings. A team of Princeton astrophysicists observed the wind-up of magnetic field lines in images from the Event Horizon Telescope of the linear polarization from black holes. Credit: Video by George Wong, Institute for Advanced Stud" (ScitechDaily.com/Einstein’s Twist: Princeton Astrophysicists Unravel the Mystery of Black Hole Jets and Galactic “Lightsabers")

It's possible that when a black hole rotates faster and faster. That electromagnetic whirl takes a gravitational field with it. The gravitational field is very much like other fields. And when the electromagnetic field rotates fast enough, the superstrings that form a magnetic field can touch the gravitational superstrings. Or they can collect so many gravitational superstrings that they can take the gravitational field with it. 

The fast-rotating energy fields are like heat pumps. And they transport energy out from black holes. Same way, when a relativistic jet travels through the electromagnetic and gravitational field it transports energy out from the magnetic field and possibly also from the gravitational field. While that jet travels through those fields they pump energy in it. Like laser pumps energy in laser element. 

 Whenever a black hole sends gravitational waves it loses part of its mass. When a black hole's mass gets lower, its size will turn smaller. During that prosess there is forming a small vacuum that pulls energy out from it. 

The relativistic jet of black holes is the most powerful phenomenon in the universe. The power of those jets is enormous. And the Princeton astronomers created the model, of how a black hole's magnetic field, along with gravitation makes those galactic lightsabers possible. The idea is that the particles around a black hole travel to its poles through the transition disk. 

When those particles hit together at the equator. That forms radiation that travels away from the event horizon. The speed of particles that travel and impact with opposite coming particles and particles, that travel in material disk around the black hole is very high. And they involve lots of kinetic energy in those impacts. That means the particles that come from three sides hit together. 

And then, that radiation gives energy to particles that travel to black hole poles. When those particles hit together at the black hole's poles, that thing raises their energy to a very high level. The relativistic jet formation happens near the event horizon. There it collects radiation and particles that fall from space around the black hole. 

It's possible. Those jets can turn particles in the middle of them into so-called parasite black holes. That means there are one or more black holes in the relativistic jets. Those small black holes that can form chains get their energy from the main black hole and its jets. in some visions, there is a gravitational tornado in the black hole's poles. That tornado interacts with its environment like a sonic whirl. 

This gravitational tornado doesn't let another gravitational field get in it. The reason for that is its formation consists of intertwined gravitational superstrings. Those superstrings collect gravitational radiation in their structure. Because that structure has a higher energy level than elsewhere in a black hole, it reflects gravitational radiation. This gravitational tornado denies that a gravitational field cannot fall in that tornado. 

The tornado can tie a gravitational field to its shell. The electromagnetic low pressure in the tornado keeps it in form. And it transfers the wave movement out from the black hole through the poles. That energy that travels to the black hole's poles is the negative energy. That thing transports energy into the polar directions. That maintains the suction that keeps the event horizon in its form. The gravitational tornado acts like a thermal pump that aims energy to the black hole's poles. The main question is does that energy travel straight out from the poles? Or does it travel to the black hole's equator where it impacts with energy that comes from another pole? 

And that thing can create a small non-gravitational area in the black hole's poles. So in this model. Wornholes or Einstein-Rose bridges are inside those jets. Those jets can also form electromagnetic wormholes themselves. The high-power radiation pumps energy to particles that travel in the jets. And that thing can raise those particle's energy levels to a very high level. That makes it possible for those particles to turn into black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/einsteins-twist-princeton-astrophysicists-unravel-the-mystery-of-black-hole-jets-and-galactic-lightsabers/

Are computer games, and especially online games, so innocent as they should be?

   Are computer games, and especially online games, so innocent as they should be?

The thing is that there are many ways to use computer games for research, development, and intelligence work. Computer games or online games also offer online social media platforms. And there people can discuss and ask things from each other. When a person plays 1st. person action games. Some other person can ask, where other players learned some kind of tactics.

Or would some other player own some guns that are in those games? That thing allows intelligence officials to ask would some players be some kind of military officials. Or are the player's parents working in the military industry or other military work? 

"A study from Aalto University’s Department of Computer Science reveals concerning data collection practices within online games and highlights players’ misconceptions about privacy. The research identified manipulative design tactics that encourage data sharing and highlighted that players often remain unaware of the data collection extent. While players have adopted tactics to protect their privacy, such as preferring text chats over voice, the study concludes by stressing the need for games to prioritize transparency, safety, and player autonomy." (ScitechDaily.com/Billion-Dollar Secrets: What Your Video Games Aren’t Telling You)

The computer games can use as propaganda tools. Or they can use to practice drone operators cooperation. 

Criminals can ask where they can find things like guns using online computer games. We should have the same attitude to computer games as other social media. Computer games can be used to inject malware into computers or cheat money or identity. 

Another thing that social media and online computer games offer is a platform where the developers of AI can collect people's reactions. And then the AI tries to create counter-reactions for those actions. The AI or language models can move virtual characters that movements connected with virtual and augmented reality. 

When some character or group of actors are playing against AI-controlled virtual characters and then the AI uses compositional generalization to connect the best possible movement series by using a methodology that connects multiple databases. In that method, the AI uses the same models for multiple purposes. 

The AI uses ready-made templates that are like Legos in its entirety. The AI tries to reorder those ready-made templates. The AI can turn virtual actions straight into physical actions using the virtual models. Then it can transform that virtual model into a physical robot. 

But the AI requires information on which action series is the best. Computer games can teach AI which composition is the most suitable for some situations. For learning things the AI requires something, that it can use as simulation. Computer games can teach the AI how it must react. 

https://scitechdaily.com/billion-dollar-secrets-what-your-video-games-arent-telling-you/

 

Ancient technology was ahead of its time.

   Ancient technology was ahead of its time. 

"Image from an illuminated manuscript, the Madrid Skylitzes, showing Greek fire in use against the fleet of the rebel Thomas the Slav." (Wikipedia/Greek Fire)

We all heard things like Antikythera mechanisms and Greek Fire that could be a saltpetre-alcohol mixture. That thing causes extremely high temperatures. But it's possible. That ancient wise people knew things about centrifugal guns. Things like Aeolopile and Archimedes' Screw could use to shoot ammunition against the enemy.

"Animation showing how the Archimedes screw works, with the red balls representing water." (Wikipedia/Archimedes' screw)

 It's possible. Some ancient people knew that if they sent soundwaves to iron nails that thing sends resonance to enemy iron equipment and breaks those things. If that resonance will send through the sea. Enemy ships will be put together using iron nails that resonance can break the wooden structures around the nails. Those things are hypothetical ancient wisdom. 

"Drawing of the Baghdad battery's three pieces"

Also, things like hot air balloons and flight could known in the ancient world. In some theories, some ancient civilizations could know that if lightning hits spears or arrows those things would get strange forces. So those ancient wise men used natural electricity for making electric weapons. 

Even if famous Baghdad batteries are fake the ancient people must know that the metal bite is on a wooden platform. And if lightning hits it, that thing loads electricity to the metal bite. And things like electric fish can be used for loading those metal bites or capacitors. So the ancient people knew electricity. And they must know the places where they could load their electric equipment. 

Could Stonehenge be part of an ancient communication network?

In some visions, Stonehenge could be some kind of ion or plasmoid system. If there are mirrors that aim sunlight at the middle of the stone ring, that thing ionizes that gas. And then the druids could use things like magnesite bites to aim the plasma into wanted directions. That thing is one of the most exciting theories of the Stonehenge. 

The stone rings are in the middle of the network of stones. That thing makes it possible that the ancient stone rings are part of an ancient communication network where resonating stones transmit information. 

https://bigthink.com/the-past/examples-ancient-technology/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Battery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire

Could there be lifeforms at the outer edge of our solar system?

   Could there be lifeforms at the outer edge of our solar system?

"An artistic representation of how the northern infrared aurora would have looked in 2006 (marked in red). The darker red locations indicate confirmed aurora locations, with fainter red used to mark possible aurora locations. Credit to NASA, ESA and M. Showalter (SETI Institute) for the background image of Uranus, as was observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (in the visible spectrum) in August 2005. Credit: NASA, ESA and M. Showalter (SETI Institute) for the background image of Uranus, as was observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (in the visible spectrum) in August 2005." (ScitechDaily.com/Discovering Uranus’ Glow: New Hints for Life on Icy Exoplanets)

The researchers at the Leicester University confirm the IR-aurora around Uranus. That IR aurora could give energy to theoretical lifeforms, that can live on Uranu's high atmosphere. 

Could there be lifeforms on super-gold worlds like Uranus? Life as we know it requires liquid water. And the temperature on those icy worlds is very low. But then we must realize that things like gas pressure and gravity also affect water's melting point. If the gas pressure is almost zero, water could be liquid at very low temperatures. There could be lifeforms in Uranus' atmosphere or on the Triton moon. The metabolism of those lifeforms will be extremely low.

Global Color Mosaic of Triton, taken by Voyager 2 in 1989 (Wikipedia, Triton)

But because Uranus turns its other pole to the sun, there is a possibility that in that planet's higher atmosphere are primitive algae or bacteria that use the weak sunlight for photosynthesis. Even the atmosphere at high altitudes on the Uranus and Triton moons is very thin. It would not give protection against solar wind; we must realize that solar wind is very weak at the outer edge of our solar system.

Pluto

If we think of the dark smokers or cryovolcanoes on Triton Moon, the black smoke is nitrogen, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and/or carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide and methane are organic gases that are forming on Earth because of biological processes. 

The reason those cryovolcanoes exist is their low gravity and low gas pressure. There is a possibility that there are some kinds of lifeforms on Triton and Pluto. There is a possibility that those hypothetical lifeforms can get their energy from volcanic temperatures and weak sunlight. If those lifeforms existed, those creatures would be very slow and long-lived. Their metabolism will be extremely slow.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryovolcano

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)

What happens to all black holes?

  What happens to all black holes?

 

Are gravity waves the same as Hawking's radiation? 

How can photons escape from a black hole? The fact is that black holes transform all radiation that drops in it into gravitational radiation. Gravitational waves or gravitational radiation is one form of wave movement. If there is a suitable object. That can resonate with the right frequency and wavelength, it's possible to transform any fundamental interaction into another. 

The reason for that is this. All four fundamental forces or fundamental interactions have wave movement and particle forms. 

Chancing the wavelength of those wavelengths that bosons the transportation particles send turns the fundamental interaction into another. So changing the fundamental interaction into another like electromagnetism to weak nuclear interaction happens by changing the wavelength of those interactions. 

Black holes are sending gravity waves, and gravity is one form of radiation. When Stephen Hawking made his famous idea of Hawking's radiation or radiation that could escape from the black hole. 

The gravitational wave's existence was purely hypothetical. LIGO sensor found gravitational radiation in 2015. And Hawking died in 2018. There is the possibility that Hawking didn't have the will or ability to comment on the gravity waves. Gravity waves are causing the idea that maybe Hawking's radiation is gravity waves. 

"A research study using the James Webb Space Telescope has found that active galactic nuclei, supermassive black holes that grow rapidly, are less common than previously thought. This discovery suggests a more stable universe and provides insights into faint galaxies and challenges in identifying these nuclei." (ScitechDaily.com/What Happened to All the Supermassive Black Holes? Astronomers Surprised by Webb Data)

"While distant host galaxies for quasars and active galactic nuclei can often be imaged in visible/infrared light, the jets themselves and the surrounding emission is best viewed in both the X-ray and the radio, as illustrated here for the galaxy Hercules A. It takes a black hole to power an engine such as this, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that this is matter/radiation escaping from inside the event horizon." (BigThink.com/Ask Ethan: How does light escape from a black hole?)

We can say that the radiation jets from black holes have a connection with vaporization where black holes turn to radiation. The black holes help to create models that explain the gravitation. The result is that gravitation requires resistance or some kind of quantum field that presses particles or objects like a black hole into its form. Without that resistance or outside qauntum field black hole's vaporization turns so fast that it detonates. 

The fate of all black holes is vaporization. Those things turn into wave movement. And the reason for that is that no energy can replace the radiation that black holes send. Because black holes are losing mass, that means they send radiation. The wavelength of that radiation is gravity radiation or gravity waves. So black holes send radiation in the form of gravity waves. 

When black holes form in a supernova explosion. All material and energy will packed in the entirety called singularity. During a supernova explosion, the explosion blows all quantum fields out from the star. And then those quantum fields drop back to the place. Where stars have been.

Those falling quantum fields press all electrons, quantum fields, and quarks into an entirety that is smaller than atoms. Materia is one energy form and those quantum fields raise singularity's energy level so high that nothing can reach it. So black holes start to send gravitational radiation in the form of gravity waves around the universe. 

Two models can explain gravitational radiation and electromagnetic pikes at the black hole's poles. The idea in both models is that the singularity is so high-energy particle or object that nothing can cross the radiation wall around it. In some models, Hawking's radiation and the gravity waves that the black hole sends are the same thing. 

Whenever a singularity sends gravitational radiation it loses a little bit of its mass. Singularty's energy level is higher than any other particle, which means it can send radiation only in one direction. And that means nothing can replace that energy. This is the thing that causes the vaporization of black holes. 

Black holes are not black. They send radiation called gravity waves. So that means black holes are tensors that are turning all radiation that drops in that thing to gravitational radiation. There is the possibility that radiation that travels through the event horizon turns to gravitational radiation or gravity waves when they impact the singularity. In that model the energy reaches singularity but it cannot touch it and replace the lost energy that travels out from the black hole in the form of gravity waves. 

Model 1)

This model goes like this: When material and energy travel around the event horizon black hole pulls radiation in it. That radiation travels into the black hole and then reflects from the quantum gravity field around the singularity. The gravitational waves could fill the sphere behind the event horizon with radiation. And then sooner or later, that radiation goes too far from the singularity forming radiation that we see outside the black hole's event horizon. 

Black holes can pull radiation and material inside it. But that material and energy cannot reach the singularity in the middle of a black hole. In that version, the singularity sends gravitational radiation or gravity waves with so high frequency and short wavelength that nothing can reach the singularity itself. That means singularity can send radiation only in one direction. If no radiation or energy cannot replace that radiation the singularity will vaporize. 

Model 2 is almost the same as model 1)

Singularity is the point that spins at an extremely high speed. And if there is a so-called quantum channel in that extremely dense entirety, that channel can cause gravitational waves can travel to the black hole's poles. In that model, singularity aims all radiation through it and then conducts it to the black hole's poles. There could be a small quantum vacuum near those energy pikes and that energy rips the singularity in pieces or turns it to wave movement. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/light-escape-black-hole/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-happened-to-all-the-supermassive-black-holes-astronomers-surprised-by-webb-data/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction