Largest spinning structure in the universe. And gravitational waves can help to understand dark energy and dark matter.

“A figure illustrating the rotation of neutral hydrogen (right) in galaxies residing in an extended filament (middle), where the galaxies exhibit a coherent bulk rotational motion tracing the large-scale cosmic web (left). Credit: Lyla Jung” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover One of the Largest Rotating Structures Ever Seen in the Universe)

Researchers found the largest spinning structure in the universe. Those kinds of structures are interesting. The spinning neutral hydrogen binds energy as all other particles. When neutral hydrogen slows, it releases its wave movement. 

They can explain dark energy. And dark matter. Those structures can store lots of energy when they spin. And when their spin speed decreases. Those giant megastructures. Can release the energy that they stored during the spin. So the question about dark energy and dark matter is simple. What puts energy into motion? 

And what mass makes the mysterious gravitational effect? That we call dark energy. There is one silly thought in my mind. And could the hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) neutrinos. That spins at a higher speed. Than. Other neutrinos. Anyway. We can think. Dark energy can form in WIMPs. That can change their rotation speed. 

When a WIMP accelerates its rotation, it binds energy. When WIMP slows down, it delivers energy. Because nobody has seen WIMP, but some interactions tell. That dark matter can have. Some other interactions. Than just the gravitational. So, could WIMP be the neutrino that changes its spin and direction? 

When neutrino beams travel through the stars, it can cause a situation. Where energy fields. Exist around stars. Starts to fall into that star. That energy will make those stars glow. The neutrinos can also collide. Those collimations can cause energy impulses around the universe. 

All particles are an energy form. If some particle decays or energy turns into particles, that releases and binds energy. That means that. Dark energy and dark matter can form. When the Schwinger effect. Or, wave-particle duality. Turns energy into particles, and particles turn into energy. Energy is another name for the wave movement.

“New theoretical work suggests that the faint ripples produced as small black holes spiral into larger ones could quietly expose the invisible structures surrounding galactic centers. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Waves Expose Hidden Dark Matter Around Black Holes)

Gravity waves and X-ray bursts. Tell about black holes. 

Gravity waves uncover hidden dark matter around black holes. That gives a tip. That maybe high-energy X- and gamma rays can interact with those dark matter particles. The idea is that if those very high-energy dark matter particles. Or weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs are particles, and the intense X-rays and gamma-rays can put those particles in spin faster than other WIMP particles. 

That can mean that. Those particles can be heavier than outside the black hole’s radiation. This can cause an effect that we see. As the form. Of stronger gravitational waves. Than somewhere else. The intense X- and gamma-rays can also interact strongly than usual. This means that those radiation types can also affect particles. That do not usually interact with electromagnetic (EM) radiation. X-rays and gamma-rays. They are also connected with the weak nuclear interaction. 

So that causes the thought. That may be. Things like unusually high-energy neutrinos can also. It has something to do with the gravitational waves around black holes. When the speed of those particles accelerates. Particles bind fields. While. The particle’s spin slows down. Particles deliver their energy as radiation. This means that there is a small possibility that the neutrino can be the hypothetical graviton. 

Or if a hypothetical tachyon particle exists, it slows down before sensors can see it. And maybe it decays into a photon and a neutrino. There is also a possibility that. Maybe. Black hole’s gravitational field. And virtual redshift transforms hypothetical Hawking radiation into the X-rays and gamma-rays. The idea is that. The massive gravitational field stretches radiation. Also, fields. That travel to the black hole pushes back to radiation and particles. That forms massive waves in the points where waves and particles impact. 

But those things are not so easy to prove. The massive gravity stretches all kinds of radiation. This means that, originally, X-rays and Gamma-rays could have been other types of radiation. The X-ray burst’s origin. It is in the black hole. During X-ray and gamma-ray bursts, the black hole’s gravity stretches radiation before it can escape. From the black holes. Maybe some other radiation. That which has shorter wavelengths is transforming in massive gravity and field interactions into gamma- and X-rays. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://scitechdaily.com/decoding-the-universes-most-violent-explosions-new-data-on-x-ray-bursts/

https://scitechdaily.com/gravitational-waves-expose-hidden-dark-matter-around-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The electromagnetic interaction can slow black holes.

Plasma around a black hole sends powerful radiation. That radiation causes effects, and the black hole also pushes objects from around it. It’s not only gravitation. That pulls objects to the black hole. Also, things like electrons and protons that impact objects have an effect on objects. When gravity alone pulls objects, it is not the same. As the gravitation. And electromagnetic interactions together pull objects like electrons. 

Maybe electromagnetic interaction itself cannot slow a black hole. But the electromagnetic interaction can slow plasma whirl. Around a black hole. Or the electromagnetic interaction can pull plasma away from the black hole. That decreases the energy that travels in that object. When a small object like an electron falls into a black hole. It’s possible. That just before it hits the event horizon. The electron transmits energy. 

Out of the black hole. The top point of the electron is on a lower energy level. Than the bottom of it. That causes a situation. Where energy travels to the top of the electron. That forms a small high-energy object at its axle. And that pushes the electron forward. Normally, those things mean almost nothing. But in a black hole’s extremely dense conditions, even a small thing. Means very much. 

The interaction between magnetic fields and black holes is one of the least researched phenomena in the universe. The interaction means that the magnetic field can slow down. The rotation of a black hole. The rotation of a black hole slows when the magnetic field accelerates or slows. Plasma whirls around the black hole. When that whirl accelerates. It converts kinetic energy into it. When the speed of that whirl slows, it releases its kinetic energy. 

"A still image from a computer simulation of a black hole’s formation and evolution. Credit: Ore Gottleib/Simons Foundation" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Explain Mysterious “Impossible” Merger of Two Massive Black Holes)

"An infographic describing the new work. Credit: Lucy Reading-Ikkanda/Simons Foundation". (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Explain Mysterious “Impossible” Merger of Two Massive Black Holes)

When plasma starts to whirl near a black hole’s event horizon, its energy level rises. And that means they bring more energy to the black hole. The mass of those particles is far higher than outside the whirl. And when the magnetic field pulls those particles backward. That effect also affects the black hole’s gravitational field. It slows the black hole’s rotation speed. 

A black hole takes its energy from the whirl. Around it. The black hole binds energy from that whirl. Into it. And transforms it into kinetic energy. When the speed of the whirl slows, it transfers less energy to the black hole. The black hole is massive. But it's still in interaction with its environment. The heavy mass can also slow down. The speed of the black hole. 

"These 3D renderings of a direct-horizon collapsar with an initially weak magnetic field illustrate the system’s evolution. Early in the collapse, accretion disk winds unbind much of the stellar envelope, reducing the mass available for accretion onto the black hole. Eventually, a one-sided jet emerges from the region just outside the black hole, spinning down the black hole and expelling the remaining stellar material. Credit: Ore Gottleib/Simons Foundation" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Explain Mysterious “Impossible” Merger of Two Massive Black Holes)

“Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center”. (Wikipedia, Sagittarius A* cluster)

When a black hole slows, it must realease its energy. And in that moment, it sends gamma or gravitational waves. Many times. Black holes are mentioned as the extreme gravitational objects. In those cases, the interactions are simplified. Black hole’s halo. And its relativistic jets are the highest-energy phenomena. In the universe. That plasma-halo. Also transmits energy out from the black hole. This means that. The black holes are, anyway. A little bit like other stars. 

In modern research, black holes are not as devastating as researchers believed. Research about the Sagittarius A*, (Sgr* A) the supermassive black hole in the center of the milky way gives an information that there are also objects in stable trajectories around the Sgr*A. Many of those objects are very hot stars. That means those stars can probably push material from around them. That causes the effect. That's the matter. That which falls into the black hole cannot affect the star. When an object falls. To a black hole, gravity pulls fields that make objects travel with it. But also things. Like gas and other particles push those objects into the black hole. 

The plasma whirls around the black hole, acting like a generator. That forms an extremely powerful magnetic field. And when a black hole pushes and pulls matter. All its wave interactions and plasma interactions affect objects around it. Things like gamma-ray and X-ray radiation are high-energy short-wave radiation that tunnels through the plasma. Also, things like neutrinos can tunnel through those fields and other objects. 

https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/10/aa50571-24/aa50571-24.html

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-finally-explain-mysterious-impossible-merger-of-two-massive-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*_cluster

The exoplanet GJ 215 c. Can host lifeforms in the future.

“An international team of scientists dubbed the exoplanet, named GJ 251 c, a “super-Earth” as data suggest it has a rocky composition similar to Earth and is almost four times as massive. Credit: Illustration by University of California, Irvine.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover Potentially Habitable “Super-Earth” Just 18 Light-Years Away)

The new exoplanet. From 18 ly. away from Earth, can have liquid water on its surface. The exoplanet  GJ (Gliese) 251 c orbits the M-class star in a potentially habitable zone. The  GJ 251 c is a massive super-Earth that orbits the star GJ 215. That star has a spectral classification of M3V, and its age is about 6,6 GYR (Gigayears). Or, a simpler saying. 6,6 billion years. This means that. This M3V is still in its flare period. And there might not be lifeforms. On that exoplanet. Life formation begins after the flare period. The GJ 215 has two exoplanets. GJ 215b, whose mass is ≥ 3.85+0.35−0.33 Earth masses. And GJ 215 c, whose mass is ≥3.84±0.75 Earth masses. 

This means lifeforms start to advance later than on planets. That orbit the Sun (G2) type stars. But otherwise, the red dwarfs can live Tens to hundreds of billions of years. That means life has more time to advance on those planets than on planets that orbit G2V-type stars. In the future. The GJ215c might host. 

Even intelligent lifeforms.  But today, its star is too unstable for that. Those hypothetical civilizations require more mature stars. The problem with the red dwarf planets and technocivilization. This is how long radioactive isotopes can exist on those planets. There is a possibility that some of those planets run out of their fissile material. 

And their cores start to cool. That cooling process destroys the planet’s magnetic field. Those super-Earths that orbit M-type stars give a hint. About the possibility of lifeforms. Those super-Earths with a dense atmosphere can host life, but the star must be mature enough that it has ended its flare period. Those flares that the young red dwarfs create. It can raise. Those planets' temperatures. Into thousands of degrees. 

The atmosphere of those locked planets smooths their atmosphere’s temperature. All red dwarf-star planets that are in the habitable zone are locked. The tidal forces from the star lock the planet into position. There, it turns the same side to that star all the time. There is forever night in the side that is away from its star. And the other side is burning hot. The water and atmosphere, along with clouds, can smooth that effect. But that requires. The star will not create. It's flares anymore. 

https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-251-c/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-potentially-habitable-super-earth-just-18-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

The star formation near the center of the Milky Way surprises astronomers.

"New infrared observations from NASA’s retired SOFIA observatory have revealed a puzzling slowdown in massive star formation near the center of our Galaxy. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Puzzled by Strange Star-Forming Regions at the Milky Way’s Center)

The new observations about star formation in the center of the Milky Way are interesting. Star formation in our galaxy’s center is slower than at the edge of the galaxy. The reason for that. It can be the gravitational cross-pulling. And radiation from the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A, and stars around it. Star density near the center of the Milky Way. And other galaxies are higher than at their edge. 

That means the gravitational effect from stars around the protostars is much stronger than at the edge of the galaxy. In the center of spiral galaxies is a supermassive black hole. That black hole pulls material and quantum fields into it. That causes strong radiation and material flow. Together, those effects, along with the stronger gravitational effect from other stars, can rip protostars into pieces. Materia near the center of the spiral galaxies is hotter than their edge. That hot gas causes turbulence. 

And hot particles push each other away. And that can also deny the condensation of the material. If the protostar, or nebula that forms a protostar, is too hot, the free energy between those particles rips the nebula into pieces. That energy is mainly X-rays or gamma-rays, and thermal energy that forms.  In high-energy particle interactions. This thing denies the star formation. The nebula that forms the protostar must have a low temperature. Some kind of gravity center that starts to pack the nebula around it. 

Maybe that thing is the whirl that packs material into it. Then that material forms the protostar. The thing. That starts the nuclear fusion process. Friction in the protostar, along with density that is high enough, forms the conditions that make it possible to start the fusion. Things like supernova explosions and radiation, along with gravitational effects, can destroy the protostar before it reaches high enough density. So, near the center of the galaxy. Other stars that can pull those nebulae in every direction. Same way. The massive radiation effect can form a situation where those protostars will vanish. Because of the radiation. Turn them too hot for gravity. To keep them in their form. Or, maybe we should say. The radiation brings too much free energy into the protostar. And that breaks their form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-puzzled-by-strange-star-forming-regions-at-the-milky-ways-center/

Researchers are finally solving the mystery of cosmic rays.

"Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that travel through space at nearly the speed of light and constantly bombard Earth from distant cosmic sources. Despite being discovered over a century ago, their origins have remained largely unknown. New research is bringing scientists closer to identifying where these powerful particles are born and how they gain such extreme energies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)

Every second, about 100 trillion neutrinos travel through the human body. Most of those neutrinos travel through the human body without touching anything. But there is a theoretical possibility that the neutrino interacts directly with a quark. And that thing can cause an energy impulse. Into liquid. Like neutrinos interact with water molecules in underwater and undersea telescopes. It can interact with water molecules. Anywhere else. We cannot detect that blue light shockwave.  If that impact doesn't happen in complete darkness. 

But that radiation can play. Some role in biological processes. When that impact happens. It sends an energy impulse, which we see as a blue light flash to its environment. Even if that effect is minimal. The effect on things. Like DNA can be like drumming. One impact doesn’t mean a thing. But when. Those impacts happen again and again. That can have. Some kind of effect on the DNA. 

When a neutrino impacts water. It sends a blue light flash. We cannot detect that flash in a normal environment. The problem is that we cannot separate Cherenkov radiation that comes from neutrinos from other particles. Things like protons. And neutrons. And electrons. Could also form Cherenkov radiation when they hit the atmosphere. 

"X-ray image of the newly discovered pulsar wind nebular associated with an extreme Galactic cosmic ray source  the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, LHAASO J0343+5254u, obtained by the XMM-Newton space telescope (DiKerby, Zhang, et al., ApJ, 983, 21). Credit: XMM-Newton space telescope" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)

That radiation. Called Cherenkov radiation, turns the sky blue.  As I just wrote. Also, other particles. Then just neutrinos form that blue light flash. That blue light forms when a particle increases its speed and delivers energy. Near nuclear reactors, most of the things that form Cherenkov radiation are neutrons. Neutron involves three quarks, one up and two down quarks. 

When a neutron hits the water at a speed that is higher than the speed of light in water. Neutron’s structure will turn flatter. In that process. It is possible. That is the quark structure in a neutron that can spin around. The structure turns around like a swing. And the up quark sends an energy wave forward. We see that energy as a photon. 

Cosmic rays, or high-energy particles of unknown origin, have been known for over 100 years. Those high-energy particles cause problems with satellites, especially for long-term space flight. The source of the cosmic rays is in natural particle accelerators called PeVatrons. PeVatron-accelerators are supernovae and star remnants that can accelerate particles to speeds. Those are impossible to reach in human-made accelerators. Those particles travel at a speed that is at least 90% of the speed of light. 

Maybe. Those particles follow the spiralic trajectory around some kind of string-shaped energy beam. The primary question in cases like cosmic rays is. How can those particles keep their energy level so high, even if they traveled across the universe from some distant quasars? Why the neutrino will not deliver its energy. That it got from its distant origin. There must be many sources. In and outside our galaxy for those particles. That means. Very high energy objects. Like black holes’ relativistic jets and supernova explosions can press some other particles into neutrinos. At least some of those cosmic radiation particles deliver their energy when they impact a medium or a potential wall. We see that energy as a blue light shockwave. On Earth, neutrinos form in nuclear reactors. 

“Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory” (Wikipedia,Cherenkov Radiation)

The supernova SN-1987A was one of the first cases when telescopes detected neutrino bursts. Those bursts are not directly connected with the SN-1987A. But they happened. At the same time as that event. 

But we know that some of those neutrinos travel from quasars. And that raises the question of why those neutrinos are not delivering their energy. One of the First times. When researchers noticed that neutrinos can travel from another galaxy. It was case SN-1987A. That event happened. In the Large Magellanic Cloud. A blue supergiant collapsed and formed that supernova. That supernova  sends neutrinos. That we can see on Earth. Those neutrinos traveled 163,000 light-years to Earth. And their energy level was incredibly high. That causes a thought that could be the shockwave of supernovas. It can somehow turn particles into neutrinos. But the major question is still. Why don’t they deliver their energy? Or if they delivered what was their original energy level? The SN-1987A was a so-called core-collapse supernova that formed a neutron star. 

“SN 1987A appears to be a core-collapse supernova, which should result in a neutron star given the size of the original star. The neutrino data indicate that a compact object did form at the star's core, and astronomers immediately began searching for the collapsed core. The Hubble Space Telescope took images of the supernova regularly from August 1990 without a clear detection of a neutron star.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A) 

That means it's possible that the blue supergiant was bigger than calculated. It’s possible that it turns into a black hole. The neutrino bursts can be connected to the death throes of that supergiant. Before it collapsed, the star was pulsating very strongly. In that process, the temperature and density in the star’s core rose. That started new fusion reactions. But finally. The fusion material can deliver more energy than it uses. And at that tipping point, the energy production from the star’s core cannot stop its collapse. 

"Figure 1. Distribution of the ultra-high-energy gamma rays (yellow points) detected by the Tibet ASγ experiment in the galactic coordinate system. They are obviously concentrated along the galactic disk. The gray shaded area indicates what is outside of the field of view. The background color shows atomic hydrogen distribution in the galactic coordinates. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Surprising Evidence for PeVatrons, the Milky Way’s Most Powerful Particle Accelerators)

Wikipedia tells us this about those neutrinos. 

“Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light is emitted as the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At 7:35 UT, 12 antineutrinos were detected by Kamiokande II, 8 by IMB, and 5 by Baksan in a burst lasting less than 13 seconds. Approximately three hours earlier, the Mont Blanc liquid scintillator detected a five-neutrino burst, but this is generally believed not to be associated with SN 1987A.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“The Kamiokande II detection, which at 12 neutrinos had the largest sample population, showed the neutrinos arriving in two distinct pulses. The first pulse at 07:35:35 comprised 9 neutrinos over a period of 1.915 seconds. A second pulse of three neutrinos arrived during a 3.220-second interval from 9.219 to 12.439 seconds after the beginning of the first pulse.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“Although only 25 neutrinos were detected during the event, it was a significant increase from the previously observed background level. This was the first time neutrinos known to be emitted from a supernova had been observed directly, which marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. The observations were consistent with theoretical supernova models in which 99% of the energy of the collapse is radiated away in the form of neutrinos. The observations are also consistent with the models' estimates of a total neutrino count of 1058 with a total energy of 1046 joules, i.e., a mean value of some dozens of MeV per neutrino. Billions of neutrinos pass through a square centimeter on Earth. (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“The neutrino measurements allowed upper bounds on neutrino mass and charge, as well as the number of flavors of neutrinos and other properties.] For example, the data show that the rest mass of the electron neutrino is < 16 eV/c2 at 95% confidence, which is 30,000 times smaller than the mass of an electron. The data suggest that the total number of neutrino flavors is at most 8, but other observations and experiments give tighter estimates. Many of these results have since been confirmed or tightened by other neutrino experiments, such as more careful analysis of solar neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos, as well as experiments with artificial neutrino sources” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

https://scitechdaily.com/after-over-100-years-scientists-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-origins-of-cosmic-rays/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1987A

The black holes’ sound proves one of Hawking's theorems.

"This artwork imagines the ultimate front-row seat for GW250114, a powerful collision between two black holes observed in gravitational waves by the US National Science Foundation LIGO. It depicts the view from one of the black holes as it spirals toward its cosmic partner. Credit: Aurore Simonnet (SSU/EdEon)/LVK/URI" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Hear Black Holes Ring, Confirming Hawking’s Famous Prediction)

When a black hole merger happens. Those things are spinning around each other before they impact. The black hole rings like a bell. And that proves one of Hawking’s theorems. When black holes collide or merge, that event forms the new black hole. The new black hole is more massive than those black holes, but it's less massive than the total mass of the merged black holes. That thing means that during a merger, black holes lose energy as gravitational waves. And that is one of the most interesting things in the universe. When a gravitational wave travels through the universe, it acts like all other wave movements. If there is a gravitational object, or an object with mass, in the path of gravitational waves, that object distorts those gravitational waves, because all objects with mass send those waves. 

“By analyzing the frequencies of gravitational waves emitted by the merger, the LVK (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, gravitational sensors) team was able to provide the best observational evidence captured to date for what is known as the black hole area theorem, an idea put forth by Stephen Hawking in 1971 that says the total surface areas of black holes cannot decrease. When black holes merge, their masses combine, increasing the surface area. But they also lose energy in the form of gravitational waves during the phenomenon. Additionally, the merger can cause the combined black hole to increase its spin, which leads to it having a smaller area. The black hole area theorem states that, despite these competing factors, the total surface area must grow in size.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Hear Black Holes Ring, Confirming Hawking’s Famous Prediction)

That thing can help determine the source of dark energy. Dark energy means. Free energy that increases entropy, and increasing entropy. Increases the power that we see as the cosmic expansion. So, in the case of dark energy, we should ask, what releases that energy?

Or what puts energy into moving? There is a possibility that the soúrce of that energy is in some kind of cosmic voids. Those voids can be like holes. In some energy fields, they can accelerate and stretch wave movement. When wave movement falls in the cosmic void. It should stretch. Because the scattering effect and resisting fields turn weaker. When that wave movement impacts the opposite side in the cosmic void, that turns the wave movement shorter. And this is why the position. Where we are is important. 

If we are living in a cosmic bubble, that means the bubble distorts wave movement. That bubble or void also makes the particle’s evaporation faster than outside the bubble. Because the energy level in the bubble is lower than outside it, that means matter turns wave movement faster than outside it. 

There is a theory. That we are in a cosmic bubble. That bubble can have an effect. On the measurements. When we think about the black hole merger. Those events can form bubbles. In things like gravity fields. The model is based on the wave movement features. If the very thin but strong wave movement field travels across the field, where the wave movement’s wavelength is the same, the stronger field takes the lower energy field with it. When a black hole merger happens, those black holes release their energy in the form of gravitational waves. 

Those gravitational waves can form a bubble that pushes the gravitational field away from the merger. That kind of gravitational bubble can make the “empty” gravitational waves. When that bubble collapses. Gravitational wave impact in the middle of it. And that makes the event look like a vacuum bomb. The impacting wave movement that reflects from the middle of the collapsing bubble. Can put energy into moving. And maybe these kinds of bubbles can explain dark energy and gravitational waves. 

Gravitation affects the field that takes particles with it. That means when the field travels in the bubble. And reflect from inside, that thing makes those bubbles or voids act like particles. When a particle starts to spin with a very high speed, it collects energy into its whisk-shaped shell. That shell forms so-called superstrings. When a particle spins, it collects energy fields from around it. Or it transforms that field into kinetic energy. Those superstrings collect the field from around them. And some part of that field falls into the middle of the particle. And then that field or waves reflect from the center of that particle. 

https://nasaspacenews.com/2025/04/were-living-in-a-supernova-bubble-and-the-proof-is-beneath-our-feet/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-finally-hear-black-holes-ring-confirming-hawkings-famous-prediction/

https://scitechdaily.com/earth-could-be-in-a-massive-cosmic-bubble-thats-warping-the-universe-astrophysicists-reveal/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAGRA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_interferometer

Can there be lifeforms on red dwarfs' planets?

“This graphic compares a Sun-like star with a red dwarf, a typical brown dwarf, an ultra-cool brown dwarf, and a planet like Jupiter. Only about 5% of all stars are like the Sun or more massive; K-type stars represent 15% of all stars, while red dwarfs represent 75-80% (or more) of all stars. Brown dwarfs, although they are failed stars, may be just as common as red dwarfs are, but are even cooler and lower in mass. Red dwarfs remain in fast-rotating, heavily flaring states for up to billions of years dependent on mass, with potential implications for sustaining planetary atmospheres on Earth-sized worlds around them.”(BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

Red dwarfs are the most common stars. They are low temperature and their solar systems are really small. Most red dwarfs might have some kind of planetary systems.  And the biggest problem with those long-living stars is their violent eruptions that can blow their planet’s atmosphere to space. This is one version of the thing that introduces the red dwarf’s planets as  non-habitable places. Another thing is that. Those planets are locked by tidal forces. And they turn the same side to the stars. So are we right about red dwarfs’ planetary systems? As hostile places. There life impossible? 

The first thing is that those small stars are much colder than the Sun. The flares are not as hot as the Sun’s flares. The planet's magnetosphere can blow that incoming plasma away from the planet. Can the planet keep its atmosphere? This depends on the planet’s magnetosphere and the strength of the flares. 

The planet must also have an atmosphere to host life. This means that the atmosphere even out the temperature, and the locked planet’s night side can be warmer than astronomers thought. Another thing is that the clouds will decrease the temperature on the dayside. This means that the planets might not be so hostile as we might want to believe. 

“Doppler images of a giant starspot on K0 star XX Trianguli.“This picture shows a series of views around the star HD 12545”.(Wikipedia, XX Trianguli). 

“This image shows a temperature profile of the evolved star HD 12545 (XX Trianguli), which unlike our Sun, doesn’t just have a small number of tiny sunspots on it, but is dominated by a massive, star-spanning starspot that covers approximately 25% of its surface. Many stars, including low-mass stars, young stars, and rapidly rotating stars, have enormous sunspots that can play a major role in the habitability of their systems: disfavoring them as good candidates for life for now. Over long enough timescales, however, even the lowest-mass red dwarf stars will settle down to a steady, non-varying state of consistent luminosity.” (BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

A simple chart for classifying the main star types using Harvard classification (Wikipedia, Stellar Classification)

The problem is the flares and violent eruptions. The fact about those eruptions is that. The young red dwarfs erupt violently. The eruption periods are transient periods. In the red dwarf's life. Mature red dwarfs are not erupting so violently. And that means that Proxima Centauri is quite a young red dwarf. The flare periods last longer if the star spins fast. 

The reason for that is that the centripetal forces drive material to the star's shell. The thing that forms the sunspot. Or the star spot is that star's shell. There forms a lower energy point in the shell of the star. Energy starts to focus on that point. And then that energy flow moves plasma into that point. The thing that can cause the lower energy area, or star spot, is the magnetic pole that pushes plasma away from that point. 

"This illustration shows the first Earth-sized planet discovered by JWST: LHS 475 b. Although it’s 99% the size of Earth, transit spectroscopy failed to reveal any hint of an atmosphere, making many worry that the Earth-sized planets JWST is sensitive to have no atmospheres at all. However, even these worlds may someday accumulate their own atmospheres through internal and external processes, especially once the active flaring period of their parent stars has ended." (BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

Or it puts plasma moves faster. That fast-moving plasma can take energy out from that point. The thing. That can make the plasma's lower temperature point. It can also be some kind of particle jet, which acts like a thermal pump. If the low energy point is a large energy point and plasma travels to the middle of it, forming a flare. The difference between a flare and a protuberance is that a protuberance falls back to the star. 

The flare requires high enough energy that it can escape the star’s magnetic and gravity fields. The flare can also form if there is an oppositely polar point in the plasma. That means that the electron beam can start to collect ions in an ion plasma. To a certain point. That launches an eruption. 

The protuberance follows the star’s magnetic field. And flare travels to the universe. In the large sun- or star spots, there is more plasma that travels in the center of that spot than in the case of small star spots. The eruption ends when the star spot is at the same energy level. With its environment. 

"With a strong, planet-wide magnetic field, as shown at right, Earth deflects most of the solar wind away, allowing our atmosphere to persist. Without such a field, Mars loses atmosphere regularly, even during non-flaring periods from our Sun. During flare events, however, Mars loses its atmosphere 20 times faster than during quiet periods. This implies that we may need to wait for planets around red dwarf stars to have their parent stars settle down before atmospheres can be stably maintained."  (BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

The sunspot formation. “Although the details of sunspot formation are still a matter of ongoing research, it is widely understood that they are the visible manifestations of magnetic flux tubes in the Sun's convective zone projecting through the photosphere within active regions. Their characteristic darkening occurs due to this strong magnetic field inhibiting convection in the photosphere. As a result, the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases, and with it, surface temperature, causing the surface area through which the magnetic field passes to look dark against the bright background of photospheric granules.” (Wikipedia, Sunspot)

“Sunspots initially appear in the photosphere as small darkened spots lacking a penumbra. These structures are known as solar pores. Over time, these pores increase in size and move towards one another. When a pore gets large enough, typically around 3,500 km (2,000 mi) in diameter, a penumbra will begin to form.” (Wikipedia, Sunspot) 

But we must realize. That sunspots can have different origins. There is a possibility that a massive planet pulls material out from a certain point of the star’s atmosphere. That can cause a hole in the red dwarf’s atmosphere. And then that forms the colder point in the small star’s shell. Or maybe impacting FRB or GRB, Fast radio or gamma impulses can form some kind of star spots. Or some kind of electron beam can form the conditions. Where those giant star spots can form. 

“Around the young, fast-rotating M-dwarf stars, the flare rate can be more than a billion (1,000,000,000) times greater than the flare rate for the slowly rotating, more evolved M-dwarf stars. An initially Earth-like atmosphere, around a star such as this at the right distance to have ~300 K temperatures on its surface (e.g., in the right range for liquid water), would be entirely stripped away in only a few millions of years. Even a Venus-like atmosphere, nearly 100 times thicker than Earth’s, wouldn’t make it to even 1 billion years. And this is a true problem for a planet that we’d want to support life on it around a red dwarf star, because we don’t think it can be done without an atmosphere.” (BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

“The TRAPPIST-1 system contains the most terrestrial-like planets of any stellar system presently known, and is shown scaled to temperature equivalents to our own Solar System. These seven known worlds, however, exist around a low-mass, consistently flaring red dwarf star. It’s plausible that exactly none of them have atmospheres any longer, although JWST will have more to say about that in future years.”(BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)In that image, you can see how small a red dwarf planetary system can be. 

“TRAPPIST-1 is an ultra-cool red dwarf star with seven known planets. It lies in the constellation Aquarius approximately 40.66 light-years away from Earth, and it has a surface temperature of about 2,566 K (2,290 °C; 4,160 °F). Its radius is slightly larger than Jupiter's and it has a mass of about 9% of the Sun. It is estimated to be 7.6 billion years old, making it older than the Solar System. The discovery of the star was first published in 2000.” (Wikipedia, Trappist-1)

The flare period can last longer than in cases like the Sun. But red dwarfs can exist longer time than the Sun. So, life has more time to advance. Otherwise, there is a possibility that lifeforms can start to form around those stars later than they form around the Sun-type stars. Or it must stay in the oceans. In a very long time. 

The red dwarf can be far different than the Sun. There can be only one large sunspot on the red dwarf. That can make those flare eruptions very strong, but otherwise, those planets can be on trajectories where those flares don’t directly hit them. So if we want to search for life. From red dwarfs ’ planets. There are many variables that can cause situations that include unexpected values. 

“It’s easy to look at the planets that we’ve found today, see that they don’t have the right conditions to support life, and to assume that they never will, even far into the future. But a combination of internal, eruptive processes — and remember, it takes under one-millionth of an Earth-like planet’s mass to make an Earth-like atmosphere — and external processes like bombardment can lead to the gradual accumulation of an atmosphere could lead to potentially life-supporting conditions arising even many billions of years after a planet has formed. We might not favor life arising around low-mass red dwarf stars anytime soon, but if we dare to be more patient that life on Earth will ever live to see, these overlooked worlds might someday be home to the most common form of life in all the Universe.” (BigThink, Red dwarfs aren’t uninhabitable; we’re just impatient)

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/red-dwarfs-uninhabitable/

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPPIST-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_Trianguli