The JWST found the strongest possible life sign from exoplanet K2-18 b.

The exoplanet K2-18 b is a water world or the Hycean planet. Distance to that planet is about 124 light years. The ocean planet is the so-called sub-Neptune. That exoplanet orbits the red dwarf K2-18 in 33 days. The earth is quite far from its host star. But it's locked. And the surface temperature is about -5-+8C. When we think about the red dwarf eruption. The oceans can give protection against that radiation pike. 

The thing that makes the K-2-18b so interesting is that in its atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, and dimethyl sulfide. There is only a 0,3 percent possibility that those gasses form in some other ways than in biological processes. 

"In 2019, the presence of water vapour in K2-18b's atmosphere was reported, drawing scientific attention to this system. In 2023, the JWST detected carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere of K2-18b. JWST’s data has been variously interpreted as indicating a water ocean planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, and a gas-rich mini-Neptune. K2-18b has been studied as a potential habitable world that, temperature aside, more closely resembles an ice giant like Uranus or Neptune than Earth." (Wikipedia, K2-18b)

"The graph shows the observed transmission spectrum of the habitable zone exoplanet K2-18 b using the JWST MIRI spectrograph. (A. Smith, N. Madhusudhan/University of Cambridge)" (ScienceAlert, Strongest Evidence of Alien Life Yet Found 124 Light-Years Away)

"In 2025, the atmosphere of K2-18b was found to contain dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a chemical that could serve as a biomarker on exoplanets in quantities 20 times higher than on Earth. As the molecule is short-lived, the concentration is highly suggestive that DMS is being replenished.[4] Other scientists criticised this statement and pointed to lab experiments that can produce DMS without life." (Wikipedia, K2-18b). 

The counter-criticism is that the DMS can be produced on purpose. But what is the possibility that the DMS forms in natural processes? 

So, the k2-18b is the best candidate for lifeforms. Those lifeforms can be very primitive, like some algae in our oceans. In this text, the "primitive" means that the lifeforms can look like something like fish. But it will not be technically advanced. 

We can think that K2-18b is like a very young Earth. 

There can be oxygen in its oceans. Even if. There is no oxygen in the atmosphere. 

The thing is that the K2-18b can have very complicated lifeforms like fish-type aliens. Those Hycean worlds are interesting. That means life itself can be quite a common thing in the universe. But the intelligent aliens might be rare things. 

https://www.livescience.com/space/exoplanets/james-webb-telescope-could-find-signs-of-life-on-alien-hycean-ocean-worlds

https://www.sciencealert.com/strongest-evidence-of-alien-life-yet-found-124-light-years-away

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hycean_planet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b

Can a binary star's planet host lifeforms?

"A strange new planet has been found circling two stars at a right angle — like something out of sci-fi. It’s the first solid evidence of a so-called polar orbit around a binary system. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Planet Found Orbiting Two Stars at a Perfect 90-Degree Angle)

The polar planet that orbits the binary star at a 90-degree angle can host life. There is only one of those polar exoplanets known. That planet orbits two brown dwarfs. So it will not host lifeforms. But it tells that the polar exoplanets exist. 

There is the possibility that if the planet orbits the binary star at a perfect 90-degree angle to the star's layer. That thing makes it possible that there are lifeforms on that planet. The binary stars are quite complicated things. And if the planet's orbital angle is perfect conditions on that planet can be stable. That can offer the harbor for life. 

The planet can also lie to the binary star. That means the binary star can be like any star. The planetary systems can form around the stars. Or the star can capture rogue planets around it. There is the model that the rogue planets are the most common planet types in the universe. Those planets can form in supernova remnants or when some cosmic shockwave travels through the small molecular clouds. 

"This is an artist’s impression of the exoplanet 2M1510 (AB) b’s unusual orbit around its host stars, a pair of brown dwarfs. The newly discovered planet has a polar orbit, which is perpendicular to the plane in which the two stars are traveling. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada" (ScitechDaily, Planet Found Orbiting Two Stars at a Perfect 90-Degree Angle)

"Using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), astronomers have found an exoplanet orbiting a pair of peculiar stars at an angle of 90 degrees. There have previously been hints that these so-called polar planets around two stars could exist, but we now have clear evidence that this is the case. This special system was found by observing the orbital path of the two stars being pushed and pulled in a way that could only be explained by the presence of a planet on a polar orbit. This video summarizes the discovery, explaining the nature of these peculiar stars and the method astronomers used to find this odd planet. Credit: ESO" (ScitechDaily, Planet Found Orbiting Two Stars at a Perfect 90-Degree Angle)

In that case, the planet axle is in the same direction as the binary star, so participants can orbit each other at close distance. 

Can act as the lone star. In that case. Those planets have night and day like on Earth. The other versions are so-called open or long-distance binary- or multiple stars. There is the possibility that both of those stars have their own planetary systems. Maybe those planets have not night at all. 

The binary star systems are more common than the lone star systems. In the 1990s most researchers thought that binary stars could not have planets because their gravity effect would destroy the protoplanet. 

Today we know. Also, binary stars have planets. The fact is that almost every red dwarf that we know has exoplanet systems. So, we can expand that model to other stars. That means that almost all stars should have planetary systems. Things like Barnard star's planetary systems tell us that the smallest red dwarfs can have multiple planets around them. Barnard's star is roughly larger than Jupiter's. And it has four planets.

https://scitechdaily.com/planet-found-orbiting-two-stars-at-a-perfect-90-degree-angle/

https://scitechdaily.com/a-century-old-cosmic-mystery-solved-four-hidden-planets-found-near-earth/

Io and Europa are the most interesting Galilean moons.

"An artist’s concept shows the internal structure of Jupiter’s moon Io. Data from NASA’s Juno spacecraft suggests that Io does not have a shallow global magma ocean and is consistent with a mostly solid mantle (represented by green hues), with substantial melt (yellows and oranges), overlying a liquid core (red/black). Credit: NASA/Caltech-JPL/SwRI, edited." (ScitechDaily, Juno’s Shocking Discovery: Io’s Interior Isn’t What We Expected)

It is not what astronomers thought. There is no solid magma structure on that moon. The tidal forces form magma pockets inside that moon. And that makes Io interesting. It is known for its volcanic activity. And those findings tell that the planet must not have a common magma layer for volcanism. And that means also old planets can have volcanic activity. At least if they have a massive moon that moves particles inside them. 

"Cutaway illustration of Europa’s icy crust, subsurface ocean and possible vents that transport material to the surface. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, We Asked a NASA Expert: Is There Potential for Life on Europa? [Video])

"Is there potential for life on Europa? This icy moon of Jupiter has a massive ocean hidden beneath its icy crust — one that might have the right ingredients for life. Currently en route, our upcoming Europa Clipper mission will explore this mysterious world, searching for clues about its potential habitability. Watch as a NASA scientist explains more. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, We Asked a NASA Expert: Is There Potential for Life on Europa? [Video])

The Io is quite a large moon. It's smaller than our moon and gravity on its surface is lower than the moon. The lightweight composition of Io makes it possible for Jupiter's tidal forces to move things inside it. So the tidal forces can also create friction that forms the magma pockets under that moon's surface. The lightweight form of Io means that particles have space to move inside it. 

Same way Europa moon can keep its undersurface ocean liquid. The icy shell protects water that the tidal waves keep always in move. The magnetic particles in that water create a magnetic field that keeps water molecules in one form because it protects Europa from the cosmic rays. The Europa may be a harbor for lifeforms. The moon is very light and it's possible that there are some primitive organisms. The Europa clipper spacecraft can give an answer to that question. 

https://scitechdaily.com/we-asked-a-nasa-expert-is-there-potential-for-life-on-europa-video/

https://scitechdaily.com/junos-shocking-discovery-ios-interior-isnt-what-we-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

There are two astrobiological models about lifeforms that can survive there. 

In some models, there can be some lifeforms that get their oxygen from electrolysis. Those organisms can have electric organs that can break water molecules by electricity that can be like electric eel's electric cells. 

There is also a model of the silicone-based lifeform. That kind of lifeform can be the silicone cell that is controlled by the DNA. Those organisms could be moon or planet-sized things that can be far from the organisms that we know on Earth. They can be far slower than organisms on Earth. The thing why I mentioned those things as organisms is that they are DNA-controlled structures that can send the silicone bites that carry their DNA even to space. 

What makes a black hole's gravity field so strong?

Above: A gravitational lens is a situation where the gravity field changes the direction of light. 

Black holes spin very fast. That spin conducts energy inside it. And black hole is like other gravity centers. It moves energy fields inside it. That makes the black hole so powerful. A black hole grows when it can bind quantum fields inside it. Spinning particle turns fields that bind into kinetic energy. When an object spins it binds energy in it. 

And it must harness or take that energy from somewhere. When an energy field is bound in some object, that means there must come other energy to fill that "hole". That thing creates a whirl that expands all the time. The outcoming energy field presses particles into a black hole or other gravity centers. And that outside energy keeps a black hole in its form. 

The thing. That makes a black hole's ultimate gravity field is the combination of electromagnetic shadow. And outcoming energy field. 

That shadow forms when particles like electrons, quarks, and finally photons orbit a black hole in the point called the event horizon. 

The outcoming energy field pushes those particles to the event horizon. 

When a black hole's mass rises it forms. A larger energy field around it. That forms a larger whirl. Because higher energy fields can interact over longer distances. When a black hole spins it transports outside energy into it. And that energy transports particles into it. 

The ultra-powerful gravity field around the black hole forms in the combination of electromagnetic shadow and gravity field that travels inside the black hole. When a black hole is separated from that field it causes changes in its entropy. And that makes gravitational whirls behind its event horizon. Differences in the strength of the outcoming energy field make the quantum points in the event horizon.

That makes energy travel horizontally in the black hole. In the event horizon energy travels mainly vertically straight into its core or into the center of the event horizon. But there is small turbulence in that thing that forms entropy. The entropy forms when those energy strings jump back when they impact each other in the middle of the black hole. But the energy level in those strings is not the same. And that causes wave movement in the black hole. 

That means. There is more energy. That presses the particles against that point. If that pressure is off those particles will fly away. The outcoming energy keeps a black hole in its form. In some theories, supercivilization can control the black hole closing it in the ball that denies its energy interaction. That causes an explosion. Or it pulls the event horizon outward and that increases entropy. That entropy detonates a black hole. 

"Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium." (Wikipedia, Gravitational field)

 A black hole is the ultimate gravity field. We see only the event horizon. The point where escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light. Or we cannot see the event horizon itself. We can see the point that is just ahead event horizon. In event horizons, the photons orbit the structure that is the most incredible that we can imagine. That point freezes information into it. 

If we are sharp, we can say that the event horizon is the point where photons start to orbit the gravity center. At the front of that point is the area where other particles like electrons and protons orbit that thing. So, there are circles around black holes there are particle groups like planets, molecules, protons, neutrons, and free quarks and finally photons can take stable trajectories. 

When a black hole pulls fields through those particles that thing pumps energy to them. That is one version of time dilation. When the energy level of those particles turns high enough they send energy waves. The event horizon is not a precise point. The photons that are trapped in it can have different energy levels. That makes them send wave movement. 

The outcoming energy field forms the shadow at the front of the particle. The black hole's gravity field is a combination of electromagnetic shadow and traveling fields that move everything with it. 

So, we normally think that the event horizon is the black hole's shell. But that's only the point. Where the light cannot escape from that structure.  Behind that point is the unknown world where gravitational turbulence dominates the interactions. The thing that makes the gravitational field around black holes so strong is that there is a double effect. The black hole pulls fields inside it. Otherwise, we can say that it harvests energy from its environment. That traveling energy field transports particles into a black hole. 

But the thing that makes this gravity effect so powerful is that the black hole also pulls fields inside it. Those fields impact with particles that orbit the black hole at the point of its event horizon and just ahead of it. That thing forms the electromagnetic shadow behind those particles and photons. That combination makes the ultimate gravity effect in the black hole possible. In regular gravity fields the gravity center pulls fields inside it. That effect cannot form electromagnetic shadow into the structure. 

When we think that a black hole stretches information into a form that looks like spaghetti or string. That thing means that the black hole's gravity field is not coherent. A black hole presses material so much that it cannot turn denser or take energy inside it. So each of those spaghetti strings is separated. Energy travels between those strings. And that makes the chaos or turbulence. And that internal energy movement causes entropy. Those superstrings can conduct energy out from the black hole. And black hole's internal turbulence or entropy causes those gravity waves. 

https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2022/001/01FRKBDN5YKMM9ZMT5Q7TSN4RN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field

Gravity and entropy.

From the point of gravity model. The problem with this image is that. Both balls should have a pothole under them. Those potholes make energy travel between those objects. And that causes things like quakes in black holes. Energy that travels between gravity quantum points makes shockwaves around the entirety. 

Gravity fields form multiple gravity fields or sub-fields that form around individual quantum points. We see those things as entirety or coherent fields. But they form around multiple particles. That forms space and entropy in the gravity field. 

The problem with this image is that. Both balls should have a pothole under them. Gravity fields form multiple gravity fields or sub-fields that form around individual quantum points. We see those things as entirety or coherent fields. But they form around multiple particles. That forms space and entropy in the gravity field

Space between actors makes space in the gravity field. And that is the beginning of entropy. The actor that makes the gravity field is an elementary particle. And the gravity field that outsider sees. Is the sum of those actors' gravity. That thing means there is space between those fields. That space forms entropy. 

Quantum gravity means the electron's, quark's, and other particles' gravity field. The spin of the particle has a connection with its mass. The mass is conducted with gravity force. That means the gravity field's strength is the speed at which the particle transports or harvests energy inside it. When a particle harvests energy from its environment it transports the field inside it. That energy field transports other things with it. 

So time dilation forms when that energy impacts particles. That energy is like wind that transfers energy into those particles. That energy forms a quantum shadow that pulls particles with it. 

When we look at gravity fields, we might think that they are uniform. Gravity fields are not coherent. They form around multiple particles. The gravity field in the gravity center looks like whirls. Which means the gravity center is not monolithic. There are multiple gravity centers in the gravity field's center, so the gravity field is virtually coherent. When we think that mass, energy, and density are things that form gravity, we can make a model where the gravity field is like a whirl. When a particle starts to spin it bounds energy into itself. So black holes are only fast-spinning and very dense objects. 

When an object spins at a very high speed it forms an electromagnetic shadow or vacuum around its shell. Those shadows make the energy fields travel to that object. The dense object has smaller "hills" and "valleys" on its shell. Then less dense objects have. In this text, particle means single elementary particle like quark. The object means the group of quarks or other actors. 

The object can spin faster because it doesn't deliver as much energy into its space. The object turns into a black hole if it cannot deliver the energy that it harvests from its environment. So when the spinning object increases its energy level it will just harvest it from its environment. When an object spins faster and faster it forms an energy bubble around it and if energy that jumps out from the particle cannot cross that bubble it gets more and more energy. 

Energy in that bubble pushes particles or objects into denser and denser forms. So when the uneven things on the particle's or object's shell harvest energy into it, that thing makes a small channel through the energy field. And those things are things that form the gravity field. So we can make a model that gravity is the hole in the energy field. Those channels are like tubes or rubber hoses that turn closer and closer to each other inside the gravity center. They form a tight bundle that unites in the gravity center. There is always a small point in the ball there is no gravity. 

In the gravity field, every single object or actor has its own gravity field. That means gravity fields are multiple fields. Because the gravity field is not uniform or coherent that forms space in the field. And that space makes entropy. 

Quantum gravity has a connection with entropy. So, what does that mean in real life? That means the gravity field is not coherent. In gravity models, every single particle with mass has its own gravity field. So, gravity fields have multiple cores. Every particle in its entirety. Forms a gravity field around it. That gravity field can look like a whirl. That means there is free space in the gravity field. Those whirls interact with each other and that forms smaller and smaller whirls around those gravity fields. And those small whirls turn larger all the time. In that process, every single particle or actor in the gravity field transports a little bit of themselves to those whirls that look like fractals. 

 https://phys.org/news/2025-03-sneaky-clocks-uncovering-einstein-interacting.html

https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-gravity-einstein-entropy

Starlink is a more multipurpose tool than nobody expected.

"What if Starlink could track climate change? Scientists just proved it’s possible — using its signals to monitor Earth’s shifting gravity and weather patterns. Now, they’re fine-tuning the tech for even more precision." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found a Hidden Climate Tracker in Starlink’s Signals – And It’s a Game Changer)

"By using the Doppler effect, scientists have found a way to analyze signals from Starlink and similar networks, revealing insights into climate, sea levels, and weather patterns. Precision is still a challenge, but the potential for global observation is enormous."(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found a Hidden Climate Tracker in Starlink’s Signals – And It’s a Game Changer)

The satellites can transmit information. But they can also collect hidden information. Secondary, or hidden data forms when those signals travel through magnetic fields. And different types of chemical compounds. When a radio signal impacts some atom or chemical compound. The thing stores energy in it. When the energy level is high enough, that atom sends an energy impulse. Can make changes or disturb radio transmissions. 

The same way the size of gas components scatters radio waves. Those things require that satellite must calibrate their systems. In those cases, satellites store that data in their memories. That data can uncover new things from the atmosphere.  

Theoretically, it is possible to use Starlink as the global satellite surveillance platform. Just like other radio transmitters the radar systems use radio waves. So it's possible, to connect radar and radio data transmitter into one antenna. 

"An artist’s concept of the Blue Ghost lunar lander receiving Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS signals from Earth. Credit: NASA/Dave Ryan" (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

"NASA and the Italian Space Agency achieved a historic milestone on March 3 when the Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment (LuGRE) became the first technology demonstration to detect and track Earth-based navigation signals on the Moon’s surface." (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

"LuGRE’s success in both lunar orbit and on the surface confirms that signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be received and utilized at the Moon. This breakthrough could enable future missions, including NASA’s Artemis program, to autonomously determine their position, velocity, and time with greater accuracy. It also lays the groundwork for more advanced navigation systems on both the Moon and Mars." (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

The Earth-orbital-based GPS can also theoretically operate on the moon. That system uses the cloud of the Earth-orbiting satellites as the giant telescope that can operate as one large antenna. The system determines the location signal angle of each satellite. And that satellite cloud can locate crafts from the moon. But the cloud of miniaturized communication satellites orbiting the moon can also operate as GPS like Starlink operates. 

The Starlink satellites can operate like GPS satellites. They can track the transmitter or modem from the ground just like GPS. And Starlink's ability to point modems from the ground is used in the Ukraine war. The Starlink system can make the world safer. It is a very multipurpose tool. If we want to make the moonbase or stable moon laboratories we must create the navigation system that can operate on the moon. 

On the moon, dayside. Or the side that is to Earth. It's quite easy to locate a person or vehicle. Those things can have lasers or radio transmitters that send location signals to telescopes on Earth. But communication on the Moon is much more difficult than on Earth. The lack of an ionosphere means that only a small hill can deny the radio communication between astronauts and their vehicles. The stone between astronauts can also deny communication. 

So there is the possibility of using a satellite swarm that orbits the moon. The system can use the same technology that Starlink uses when it tracks modems. The difference between laser and radio communication is that the lasers cannot penetrate the ground. But the real thing about radio transmissions is that they can cover large areas. 

Radio transmissions can transmit to a larger number of receivers. That makes mass-transmitting possible. Radio waves can travel through clouds and walls better than lasers. Lasers transmit more energy to layers than radio waves. And that can cause damage to structures. Otherwise, radio transmitters are easier to jam than lasers. 

Laser systems can also make large-area laser data transmissions. If those systems use lidar-based technology they can make large-area beams. The photocells or CCD systems can turn into electricity. The CCD cameras and computers can also read laser data transmissions. 

There are no clouds around the moon. And that makes laser transmissions suitable for data transmission on the moon. Those laser systems can operate as relay stations for the Moon data transmission and location systems. The Earth station sends signals to those satellites. In the form of radio waves. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-found-a-hidden-climate-tracker-in-starlinks-signals-and-its-a-game-changer/

A new way to control electrons opens new roads.

"Two twisted boron nitride layers (blue and pink) create a crystal lattice at a distance in which electrons (gold) can arrange themselves in a regular pattern. Credit: Natasha Kiper / ETH Zurich"

"Researchers at ETH Zurich have developed a new technique to better understand how electrons interact within materials. By using a moiré material — created by twisting ultra-thin atomic layers — they generated an artificial crystal lattice in a nearby semiconductor, allowing for more precise studies of electron behavior."

"Scientists have devised a method to create artificial crystal lattices with a large lattice constant in semiconductor materials."

"The increased lattice constant reduces the electrons’ motional energy, making their interactions more prominent."

"This technique will help researchers study electron interactions across different materials."

"A better understanding of these interactions could explain how certain insulators transition into superconductors when extra electrons are introduced"

(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found a Mind-Bending Way to Control Electrons)

**************************************************************

The ability to control electrons is one of the things that can boost electronics. The system can use the crystal lattice to trap and control electrons using light. The laser beam can affect lattice atoms' conductivity, and that helps to control the electrons in the lattice. In a modified tunneling microscope. 

The system operates as tweezers. It can put those electrons into their positions. In the new types of memories and quantum systems, data can be stored in electrons. If researchers want to keep data in the form of electrons they must avoid the situation where electron touches the layer. 

Theoretically, the same things that can control electrons can control positrons or antiprotons. The same system that can hover electrons in layers can make the same thing with antiprotons. In antimatter, particles have opposite polarity. And if the system uses electromagnetic force to keep them away from the layer the same system that keeps electrons away from the layer can keep antiprotons away. 

That makes it possible to control electrons and antimatter particles with very high accuracy. The system requires ion layers that can push the positron away from the lattices. The ability to store positrons in crystals and graphene can boost antimatter technology. The system must hover antimatter particles between the carbon net structures. Antimatter can have many weapons, and engine solutions. The antimatter can act as a super-power turbo-boost in chemical and ion rockets. 

It can make it possible to create extremely small ammunition. One gram of antimatter can destroy Earth. This means. A pistol-bullet-sized antimatter capsule can destroy an entire planet. The antimatter can also be used for data storage. Anti-electrons can store data and when the photonic system reads the anti-electron can be destroyed. There is the possibility to use the anti-electron-electron pair in superpositions in quantum computers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-discovered-a-hidden-superpower-in-microscopes-thanks-to-ai/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-found-a-mind-bending-way-to-control-electrons/