The hollow universe model.

"In some models, dark energy is only the wave motion that travels faster than it should. An idea of this model is that the universe speed of light is not the same in the entire universe. And that thing forms the effect called "dark energy". "

The geometrical shape of the universe is a thing that determines the ultimate fate of the universe. The problem with determining or finding out the universe's geometrical shape is that we can see only a small part of the universe. Most of the material is in the form of dark matter. Dark matter determines the shape of the universe. 

Those possible shapes are spherical, hyperbolic, and flat universe. If the universe's shape is spherical gravitation will win. And the universe collapses in Big Crunch. Otherwise, the universe continues its expansion forever. 

The idea is that the spherical universe is hollow like all other universes. And the Big Bang pushed all material away from it forming a pressure wave. That pressure wave consists of all material that we know. If the universe is flat that theory introduces the universe as the form of a compact disk-shaped structure. If the universe's shape is spherical that thing means that material is forming a ball there is a hole in it. 

The weakness of those models is that they handle the universe as a 2D structure. The universe is a 3D structure that is in the 3D universe. But in the most interesting models, there is a hole in the middle of the material. That can be a ring-shaped or hollow ball or layer where is a hole. That hole also works with the parabolic universe. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space." (Wikipedia/Shape of the universe)

 

In that model, the energy level in that hole is lower than in other places of the universe. But that hole's energy level is higher than the energy level of the space where the universe hovers. And that causes the situation where energy from the universe travels outside the universe. But energy also travels in the hole of the universe. In that hole wave motion impacts together and forms a situation where the energy level of that area rises.

Because the energy level of the hole is higher than the energy level outside the system. That causes the bottom flow where energy travels from the hole to outside the universe. And that thing means that the energy that comes inside the universe blows the material ring outside. So the energy that travels out from the hole is the free energy that rips the universe into pieces. And the name of that free energy is dark energy because nobody has seen the origin of that mysterious wave motion. 

There is the possibility that the universe looks like the Kuiper belt. But it's far more massive and larger than this structure. That surrounds the solar system. 

But there is a possibility that there is a hole in the universe. 

The idea of this model comes from the idea that the Big Bang formed a shockwave. That is similar to the ring that forms when a hydrogen bomb explodes. That ring is visible in image 2, which portrays the thermonuclear detonation in the Pacific Ocean in the 1950s. 

So the material in the universe is in the mega- tera-structure that looks like Saturn's rings or Kuiper belt which is a ball-shaped asteroid and dust structure that surrounds our solar system. There is a possibility that the visible material is forming the ring-shaped structure in the ball-shaped entirety that is formed of dark matter. 

That thing means that the Big Bang formed the material that travels across the universe like the ring-shaped shockwave that forms when a hydrogen bomb or supernova explodes. And if the universe's shape is some kind of wheel or hollow ball. That thing could explain the dark energy in a very fascinating way. 

Image 3: Model of the hollow universe

1) Hole

2) Material ring where all known material exists. 

3) Space where the universe hovers. 

"Chart shows the proportion of different components of the universe  – about 95% is dark matter and dark energy." (Wikipedia/Big Bang)

How does this model explain dark energy? 

In this model inside, the donut-shaped or hollow spherical universe is the hole where the energy level is lower than in the material ring that surrounds that hole. The energy level in that hole is higher than the energy level of the ring-shaped (or ball-shaped) universe's outer edge. 

So energy travels in both sides of the ring where all material that we know exists. But then in the middle of that ring is a higher energy level than outside the system. And that makes the bottom flow, which makes the energy travel across the universe. From inside to outside that thing. And that energy flow will push the universe larger. So that thing makes cosmic inflation possible. 

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe