In the begin was thought.

Sir Isaac Newton created his gravitational model in the late 17th century world was different. There were not so many theories at least published. And that means that Newton could work in the world, but there were no theories of mechanics and gravitational interactions. So for him, it was easy to bring new things to science. 

But today, the world is full of hypotheses and theories. It's harder to bring new things into science than in the time when there were not so many theories. When Newton created his gravitational model physics separated from astronomy. And when Albert Einstein created his famous theories of relativity, which separated classical physics from quantum physics and later quantum mechanics. 

Can we someday face another Newton or Einstein? Today there are many brilliant masterminds in the world of science like Sabine Hossenfelder and Michio Kaku, but there are lot of information that those people might sink into the information flow. In the time of Albert Einstein and especially Isaac Newton, there were not so many natural science books as today. And everything those people made was unique. 

In the living time of Isaac Newton things like derivative and integral were not yet invented, but Newton invented those equational solutions. And Newton created a differential equation, along with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, while he researched ballistic trajectories. Newton also researched the spectrum and many other things. So we can say that Newton separated alchemy from research and science. 

Artist's impression: Sir Isaac Newton with his works and studies. 

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Road to scientific theory: from BigThink.com/The 3 key steps to overthrowing a scientific theory

Step 1: Your new theory must reproduce all the successes of the leading theory.

Step 2: Your new theory must succeed where the prior theory does not.

Step 3: Your new theory must make new, testable predictions that differ from those of the original theory.

(BigThink.com/The 3 key steps to overthrowing a scientific theory)

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When we think about the new models in science, we must realize that the beginning of theory is a thought. In the beginning the theorists must make the question of what that new thing can bring to models that already exist. The route from thought to the scientific hypothesis and theory is long and rocky. And here we must realize that route from theory to the law of nature is even longer. 

Scientific proof requires multiple tests and observations that can prove that theory is valuable to turn to scientific fact. And then the fact can turn to the law. Today science requires lots of things like powerful computers that can calculate things with very high accuracy. The steps in modern science are smaller than ever before. The needed accuracy for new models is also increasing. And another thing is that there are lots more theories in the world than in the time of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. 

So there is needed more work, that the researchers and scientists can find some kind of area there is a so-called virgin landscape. Because there are so many theories and theoretical models it's hard to bring new things to the science. The new theory requires that there is not already some theory that covers the "new theory". And even if we would make a new theory, that new theory will not necessarily reach public knowledge. 

There are lots of remarkable theories in the world, like GUT (Grand Unified Theory) that are not very well known outside the cosmological community. The reason for that is that. Those theories might have little to do with practical life. The theoretical research separated from the practice tests. And that means things like multiverse theory, that there is more than just one universe, are more philosophical than scientific theories. Things like the existence of another intelligent species are also theoretical thoughts. 

We know that if we are alone in the universe, we are a little bit too lucky. The multiverse theory is a continuum that there must be structures that are bigger than our universe. And the multiverse theory means that our universe is one of the many universes. But then we must prove that thing, and that is the hard thing in real life. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/3-steps-scientific-theory/

https://www.insightobservatory.com/2018/03/how-newtons-telescope-changed-world.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton