Black holes are the brightest objects in the universe.

"This artist’s impression shows the record-breaking quasar J059-4351, the bright core of a distant galaxy that is powered by a supermassive black hole. Using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, this quasar has been found to be the most luminous object known in the Universe to date. The supermassive black hole, seen here pulling in surrounding matter, has a mass 17 billion times that of the Sun and is growing in mass by the equivalent of another Sun per day, making it the fastest-growing black hole ever known. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser" (ScitechDaily, Brightest Object in the Universe Discovered – Powered by Supermassive Black Hole Eating a Sun a Day)

The brightest object in the universe eats a sun in a day. That supermassive black hole is in quasar J059-4351. The paradox is that the black holes are the brightest objects in the universe. The paradox is that the black hole itself will not send any radiation, but its transition or material disks are very bright. 

The Sagittarius A* gives new data about the time dilation and speed of light.

Supermassive black holes are the most powerful objects in the universe. Things like rotation speed or spin is the thing that makes supermassive black holes interesting. The spin of the Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A* is about 60% of the speed of light. When material falls into the supermassive black hole, it forms a transition disk, the spiral structure around the mass center. The spiral continues behind the event horizon, or the point. Where escaping velocity crosses the speed of light. 

That means inside the event horizon photon and other particles travel with the same speed. The speed of photons is higher than other photons because the massive gravity effect pulls it from the front side. When a particle closes the black hole, massive gravity starts to pull it into a form that looks like spaghetti. This effect will turn things like quarks into elongated things. 

When we think that black holes are like potholes, that gravitational pothole turns the universe smaller. The reason for that effect is this black hole collects more information into that pothole. There is no reflection because all photons and other material and wave movement travel into the black holes. And the last particle that can escape from the massive gravity is the photon. 

Black holes also prevent the Hall fields or potential walls from forming because they pull all energy inside it. Some electrons and photons whirl around the event horizon. Those whirling particles get their energy from the material disk, which sends radiation also inside the black hole. That raises those particle's energy levels to extremely high. 

"This artist’s illustration shows a cross-section of the supermassive black hole and surrounding material in the center of our galaxy. The black sphere in the center represents the event horizon of the black hole, the point of no return from which nothing, not even light, can escape. Looking at the spinning black hole from the side, as depicted in this illustration, the surrounding spacetime is shaped like an American football. The yellow-orange material to either side represents gas swirling around the black hole. This material inevitably plunges towards the black hole and crosses the event horizon once it falls inside the football shape. The area inside the football shape but outside the event horizon is therefore depicted as a cavity. The blue blobs show jets firing away from the poles of the spinning black hole. Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss" (ScitechDaily, Warp Speed Ahead: How Our Galaxy’s Black Hole Bends Spacetime)

One reason for high-power gamma- and X-ray impulses is in the relativistic jet. When particles at the edge of a relativistic jet and the jet's energy fields interact with gas around the black hole, that effect forms intensive high-energy radiation. The radiation forms when energy from those particles and energy fields transfers into the material disk. When particles hit that material cloud they deliver energy. And that energy transfer is the thing, that forms gamma- and X-rays. 

The weight of the Sgr A* is over four million suns. Accurately its mass is 4,30 million suns. Still, that thing is like a rugby ball. There is the possibility that the relativistic jet pulls the Sgr A*'s energy fields with it. And that forms a cosmic vacuum that stretches the black hole. Or some kind of energy tunnel travels through the black hole. In the third model, the fast spin curves the gravity fields, and that causes the rugby-ball-shaped structure. That means gravity in its poles is a little bit weaker than in other points in it. 

There is suspicion that hypothetical Hawking's radiation forms when those photons in hyper-high energy levels make a superposition. The requirement for that is this: the other electron or photon is in a different energy level. And they oscillate with the same frequency. The idea is that the lower photon (or electron if that thing is an electron pair) has a lower energy level because a black hole pulls energy out from it. 

At the point of the event horizon, gravitational waves can also orbit the black hole. Standing gravitational waves can transport energy into the particles or other wave movements that travel through the event horizon. So Hawking radiation can come from the energy bridges between superpositioned and entangled particles. And because the radiation comes from the end of those energy bridges its wavelength is very small and wave rise is not very high.  

The standing gravitational waves that harvest energy from their environment can turn very high energy levels. In that model, gravitational waves interact like all other wave movements. That means higher energy gravitational waves transport energy to the lower energy gravitational waves. And they also can push those gravitational waves away. That thing can explain why black holes send wave movement. 

When those superpositioned particles touch the event horizon their energy positions change places suddenly. The lower energy particle turns suddenly into a higher energy participant of the quantum entanglement. That thing sends an energy impulse to the upper particle. So that means Hawking radiation can come from that kind of photon pairs or energy bridges between them. 

It's possible. That event horizon can transport energy into the energy bridge that travels between superpositioned and entangled particles. 

When those superpositioned particles fall into the black hole through the event horizon the energy level of the lower photon turns suddenly higher, and that sends an impulse through the energy bridge when that thing travels through the event horizon. In that model, the other photon pumps energy to the photon that was in a higher energy level just before the lower photon touches the event horizon. 

A black hole's speed cannot cross the speed of light if we look at the things outside the event horizon. But as we know speed is also energy. The thing is that the virtual crossing at the speed of light is possible. In that case, the outside energy that impacts the particle along with the kinetic energy can raise its energy level to a level that is higher than the speed of light causes. 

Kinetic energy is wave movement that the particle traps. When a particle travels in the universe, quantum fields touch it like plaque. That plaque is the kinetic energy. The reason why particles cannot cross the speed of light is that in the critical moment, the energy jumps away from the particle and starts to travel to the environment. This thing denies crossing the cosmic speed limit. 

But virtually crossing the speed of light is a very easy thing. At the quantum level. Speed is similar to in our size world. That means the same rules that affect vehicles like cars can used for modeling speed and impacts of subatomic particles. 

The thing is that when two particles like electrons impact with speed of 60% of the speed of light, the impact speed is 120% of the speed of light. In that case, a high energy level causes virtual crossing at the speed of light. In the same way, objects can hit denser energy fields at extremely high speeds. And that thing could load more energy into it than it normally does. 

The reason why anything that has mass cannot cross the speed of light can be the same as the thing. That nothing that has no mass, cannot have unlimited slowing speed. When particles like electrons travel in a vacuum and then suddenly hit the water they take that impact into their quantum field. The electron's internal structure jumps forward and that movement in the quantum field causes photon's formation. 

One down quark and two up quarks form the proton. In neutron, there are two down and one up quark. Those quarks form a structure, that looks like a trapeze. In that structure, one quark hangs between two quarks. In a proton, two up quarks hang one down quark. When a proton or neutron hits water with its maximum speed one quark jumps forward and starts to rotate around those structures. 

That rotation movement is like a bolt that we can rotate between our hands keeping the wire from both ends. That movement pumps energy out from the proton. When a particle moves energy into its environment. It must form a photon. And then that photon transports energy out from that particle. That is the thing, that we see as Cherenkov radiation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/brightest-object-in-the-universe-discovered-powered-by-supermassive-black-hole-eating-a-sun-a-day/

https://scitechdaily.com/warp-speed-ahead-how-our-galaxys-black-hole-bends-spacetime/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/21/black-holes-are-the-brightest-objects-in-the-universe/

The confirmation of quark material existence is on the door.

"Artist’s impression of the different layers inside a massive neutron star, with the red circle representing a sizable quark-matter core. (Image: Jyrki Hokkanen, CSC)" (University of  Helsinki, Further evidence for quark matter cores in massive neutron stars)

The models created for neutron stars can be used to model still hypothetical quark stars. 

Researchers at the University of Helsinki are close to proving the existence of an exotic material called quark material. That material existence in extremely heavy neutron stars is almost confirmed. Now we can say that this material opens the path to finding a new star type called quark stars.  The quark stars would be objects between black holes and neutron stars. 

The quark star forms during a supernova explosion and melts protons and neutrons together. And that reaction forms material where only quarks exist. The quark stars' rotation would be very fast. That rotation where centripetal force resists gravity is the requirement that a quark star will not fall into a black hole. 

And if that rotation ends, the quark star will fall into a black hole. The quark material is the strongest known material in the universe if it exists. When neutrons and protons make so-called quantum fusion, where proton and neutron melt into one entirety. That reaction delivers more energy than people think. It's possible that around the quark star forms a small cosmic void, that can rip the quark star in pieces. 

The biggest difference between a neutron star and a quark star is in the reaction that forms the star. In neutron stars electrons impact with protons. This reaction turns protons and electrons into neutrons. In still hypothetical quark stars neutrons impact with protons. The other model is that the neutrons impact with other neutrons. In that model, the shockwave falls in the supernova explosion. With gravity pulls or pushes neutrons together. 

Quark stars may have a homogenous structure. That means the quark star's shell and core rotate at the same speed. This thing makes its magnetic field quite weak. 

In that model, the quark star's shell and its core have the same rotation speed. That thing probably denies the form of the magnetic field. Or quark star's interaction with plasma around it forms a magnetic field. The quark stars are hypothetical forms. And for that structure, we can use the same models with neutron stars. 

The high-speed rotation of that structure turns quantum fields in the direction of the rotation axle. And that thing turns quantum fields to the sideways from the orbiter. That could explain material disks and the relativistic jets. The plasma that orbits the black hole forms its magnetic field. 

But if we think that the hypothetical quark stars are even heavier or something slows their rotation too much. That thing causes an effect where quarks press together into one entirety. When quarks that form quark stars melt together, the fall of the structure pulls quantum fields against that object. This thing forms a black hole. In black holes. The magnetic field forms when plasma whirls around the relativistic jet at different speeds. 

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Are quark stars the thing that is behind the FRBs (the fast radio bursts)? 

But then back to the quark stars. Quark stars may not have a very strong magnetic field. The reason for that is that there is a possibility that quark stars are homogenous structures. The free quarks in the quark star's nucleus can be called quark gas. 

Otherwise, there could be free quarks, the quark gas in the structure. Those free quarks can form a stronger magnetic field than any magnetar can form. The reason why I believe in homogenous structure is that. There is no evidence of the quark star pulsar. It's still possible that a fast-rotating quark star's centripetal force pulls those quarks away from each other. And that could be from that quark gas. So could the quark stars be behind the FRB:s. That fast rotation theory, where extremely fast rotation forms free quarks in quarks stars explains why those FRBs:s happen suddenly. 

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In neutron stars, the lightest neutron stars have the strongest magnetic fields. 

The neutron star's shell's rotation speed compared to its core's rotation speed is the thing that determines the power of the magnetic field. The neutron star's shell acts the same way as a generator. 

The difference between its shell and core speed is lower in heavy neutron stars. That means their magnetic field is weaker than light neutron stars called magnetars. 

There is a possibility that in some cases the reason for the FRB is that the magnetar's shell will start to rotate in an opposite direction than its shell. In that case, the magnetar's magnetic field turns extremely strong. Things like black holes and neutron stars that are part of binary stars can open this mystery. And maybe someday, we can find the most exotic star in the universe, the object that forms pure quarks. This is one thing that can help solve the mysteries in the universe. 

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/human-centric-technology/further-evidence-quark-matter-cores-massive-neutron-stars

https://www.universetoday.com/130031/what-are-quark-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/04/the-confirmation-of-quark-material-existence-is-on-the-door/

Almost invisible galaxy challenges dark matter theories.

"The discovery of Nube, a faint and extended dwarf galaxy, challenges existing astrophysical models. Its unique characteristics might provide new insights into the universe and the nature of dark matter. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Ghost in the Cosmos: Almost Invisible Galaxy Challenges Dark Matter Model)

"“One possibility which is attractive, is that the unusual properties of Nube are showing us that the particles which make up dark matter have an extremely small mass” (ScitechDaily, Ghost in the Cosmos: Almost Invisible Galaxy Challenges Dark Matter Model)) 

Spanish astronomers made new fundamental observations of a dwarf galaxy called "Nube". That galaxy is almost invisible. And that thing makes it interesting. The new observations caused astronomers to introduce that dark matter has an extremely small mass. If hypothetical WIMPs weakly interacting massive particles are small-size particles with extremely slow spin, that thing can explain why that matter is impossible to detect. 

There is the possibility that the shape of the WIMP is so high energy that it tunnels itself even through elementary particles. In some other models, dark matter particles' energy level is so low, that it pulls energy into itself. And if energy flows only to the object, that makes it invisible. So in that case, the dark energy is the radiation that reflects from dark matter particles core. 

"The measurements of dark matter are made by observing gravitational lensing. And another way to measure the invisible is to calculate some object's mass. Then the system calculates the predicted rotation speed. And then compile it with the observations. Those observations tell if there is more material than there should be." (ScitechDaily, Ghost in the Cosmos: Almost Invisible Galaxy Challenges Dark Matter Model)

"The Nube galaxy. The figure is a composition of a colour image and a black and white image, to pick out the background. Credit: GTC/Mireia Montes" (ScitechDaily, Ghost in the Cosmos: Almost Invisible Galaxy Challenges Dark Matter Model)

So WIMP is a lightweight particle that looks like quarks or leptons. But it's smaller than them. The forms of dark matter are a mystery. And in some visions the dark matter particle WIMPs could be particles that orbit electrons. New observations about galaxies and black holes challenging traditional cosmological models. 

The interaction between dark matter and visible material is purely gravitational. But if the relation between WIMP's size and electron is the same as electron and proton. That could explain, why the only known interaction between dark matter and visible matter is gravitational. 

There are galaxies with dark matter and galaxies with no dark matter. That thing tells us that dark matter is not distributed evenly. This means that dark matter can form structures similar to cosmic nebulas. Or it's possible.  That dark matter can form planets, that are invisible to us. 

Dark matter is a fascinating thing. The invisible matter. But can interact through gravity. There is a theory that energy level determines what its name is. So the lepton's energy level determines if it's an electron or muon. The same way the energy level determines is particle down or top quark. That means that it's possible. That energy level determines whether can we see particles or not. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-in-the-cosmos-almost-invisible-galaxy-challenges-dark-matter-model/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/03/almost-invisible-galaxy-challenges-dark-matter-theories/

The slow stars around the Milky Way cause problems with dark matter theories.

" New research by MIT reveals that stars at the edge of the Milky Way move slower than anticipated, implying the galaxy’s core may contain less dark matter, challenging current astronomical theories. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Surprise: Milky Way’s Slower Outer Stars Suggest Dark Matter Overestimated)

The question of dark matter existence is interesting, and new observations challenge that theory. The prime question about dark matter is that nobody has any contact or observations about that thing, that causes gravitational effect. The thing that could explain why stars near the Milky Way edge behave as they behave is that there is less dark matter than researchers expected. 

Do stars around other galaxies act like those slow stars at the edge of the Milky Way?

Or the dark matter distribution around the galaxy is different than thought. Maybe dark matter forms larger or denser gobs around black holes than researchers calculated. And that means there is more dark matter around the center of the galaxy. And uneven distribution of that thing causes stars to move slower than they should at the edge of the Milky Way. 

What can also cause a dark gravitational effect than theoretical dark matter?   

If we think that the nature of gravity is it interacts with the environment. That thing can explain why there is a dark gravity effect. That source is unknown. In that model, some very thin energy beams act like thermal pumps that pull energy with them. That means the relativistic jets near black holes can explain that dark gravity effect. When a relativistic jet travels in the universe, that thing pulls energy with it. That causes a situation where quantum fields or energy around a relativistic jet falls to that jet. 

So if relativistic jets are longer than researchers calculated. That can form a situation, where gravity doesn't interact as calculated. Same way if some kind of beam travels through the universe that thing causes a similar effect to a thermal pump or relativistic jet. The colder areas in the microwave background show that some super-powerful relativistic jets may travel through the universe. 

Cosmic microwave background 

"Maybe" is a keyword in dark matter. 

And the reason for that is nobody has seen dark matter. There is the theory of WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive particles). But nobody saw any WIMP yet. So that causes questions about the dark matter existence. We know that the gravitational effect exists. In some models, WIMPs are quantum or atom-size black holes. Or maybe, there are just more black holes in the Milky Way than expected. 

WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) may be virtual particles. The energy whirls, standing gravity waves, and small cosmic voids can act like particles. 

But nobody knows the source of that effect. And that's why the dark matter should rename as "dark gravity". The question is what can cause a dark gravitational effect? The key question is what kind of particles are invisible? In some models, dark matter is an ordinary material that travels in energy beams of black holes. 

Those gamma- and X-rays can input very high energy levels in particles that travel in them. And that thing turns the energy level, and those particles' mass turns higher than it should be. When those particles travel out from those relativistic jets they release their energy as energy bursts. And that thing can connect those particles with dark energy. 

Another way standing gravitational waves can form a point that looks like a particle. Or maybe the small cosmic voids are the thing that forms dark matter. When those cosmic voids collapse they pull energy or quantum fields inside them. And then those quantum fields reflect from inside that thing. Those things can also explain dark energy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/galactic-surprise-milky-ways-slower-outer-stars-suggest-dark-matter-overestimated/

The mystery of FRB:s.

"Scientists at the SETI Institute have advanced the understanding of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) through detailed observation of FRB 20220912A with the Allen Telescope Array. Their research, uncovering new properties and behaviors of these cosmic signals, highlights the ATA’s unique role in FRB studies and contributes significantly to the field of astrophysics."

FRBs:s or fast radio bursts are extremely high energy radiation bursts in radio wave frequency. In some models, the high-energy material that releases its energy very fast is the reason for those mysterious radio bursts that remain less than a second. The source of FRBs is mysterious, but sometimes the FRB is connected with magnetars and their super powerful magnetic fields. 

Manetars are low mass nautron stars. That makes their shell rotate their core at extremely high speed. In some models, the shell of magnetars can be over the vacuum. And that thing makes those small neutron stars rotate faster than more massive neutron stars. In neutron stars rotating shell that rotates the core forms the massive generator. 

If there is a small vacuum under the magnetar's shell that allows it to rotate hyperfast. It explains magnetars powerful magnetic field. There is neutron liquid under the magnetar shell, and it's possible. This liquid touches the shell of a magnetar. And it forms the FRB. 

In those cases, there seems to be a connection between FRB and fast X-ray bursts. There is a possibility that a very light neutron star called magnetar sends radiation bursts to some magnesite or iron atoms. And then those iron atoms release their extra energy as radio waves. Those iron bites can be in asteroids that orbit those neutron stars. But many other possibilities can form powerful radio bursts. 

Image 2: Neutron star's structure. 

In some models, the radio burst from some other neutron star, black hole or magnetar hits some other neutron star. In that case, the extremely powerful gamma, X- or radio wave hits the magnetars or neutron stars. And that thing is the launcher for FRB. 

In some other models the radiation from pulsar traps iron into the radiation beams. When that radio wave hits those iron- or some other metal bites it raises that metal's energy level. And then sooner or later those hyperenergy elements fall to the neutron star, or their energy level rises high enough that they send radiation burst. So in that model. Material that has extraordinarily high energy levels impacts neutron stars. And that thing forms extraordinary high-energy waves. 

https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html

https://scitechdaily.com/cosmic-whispers-unveiled-scientists-unlock-new-secrets-of-mysterious-fast-radio-bursts/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/31/the-mystery-of-frbs/

The oldest known black hole is almost as old as the universe.

 The oldest known black hole is almost as old as the universe. 

"Researchers, using the James Webb Space Telescope, have discovered the oldest known black hole, challenging existing theories about black hole formation. This discovery, considered a significant advancement in astronomy, could lead to the identification of even older black holes and deepen understanding of their origins. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,

Universe’s Dawn: Webb Space Telescope Unmasks the Oldest Black Hole Ever Observed)

The oldest known black hole is interesting. It can contain information from the young universe. And that information can tell about the formation of the primordial black holes. One of the most interesting visions about star formation is that before the first stars formed. In the universe were black holes that caused a disturbance in material. Those black holes started to pull material inside them. And that thing caused spiralic form that formed whirls that caused star formation. So stars start to condense around those cosmic whirls. 

The problem with primordial black holes is this. What is the point in the early universe, that caused the material cumulation into the black holes? In some visions the oldest black holes formed in quark-gluon plasma. The first material in the young universe was quark-gluon plasma. That plasma had a very high energy level. And it's possible. That those quarks and gluons pushed each other away. That caused holes in that proto material, and then that high energy level material fell back in those vacuums. That could form the black hole in those bubbles. 

Or maybe the first black hole formed during the Big Bang. The big bang caused the effect. Where around that case formed the energy vacuum. And then part of the wave movement that started to form particles fell back in the place, where the Big Bang happened. That thing formed the very first primordial black hole. 

This black hole can store information around its quantum fields. And maybe it tells about conditions about less, than a second after the Big Bang. 

When we talk about quark-gluon plasma and its effects. We can produce that material in the particle accelerator. But conditions in those accelerators are different from the young universe. In the young universe, the energy level was much higher than now. The energy minimum in that system was billions of degrees. And in a very small universe were no other materials than quark-gluon plasma. The energy level in the universe must be low enough that the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality can form particles. That means the formation of the particles started at the edge of the young universe. 

The edge of the universe was the point of the shockwave that traveled in space. The thing, that supports theory. That just after the Big Bang formed a black hole is the shockwave. Or the layer where galaxies form. That thing requires a denser point of the material. And that denser point can form when the black hole starts to pull material or wave movement back inside it. 

It's possible. The Big Bang was a series of explosions of a group of primordial black holes. Those black holes could form from wave movement or radiation. And if they exploded at the same moment. That makes it possible that those waves could cross each other. Then Schwinger effect turned those crossing points into the material. 

The situation was interesting. Material's enormous mass could consist of more particles than ever after that fell into the black hole. We are hard to think about a situation where the entire universe falls into a black hole. Material falls into black holes all the time. But in that case, those black holes were alone. 

There were no quantum fields except, there is a possibility that there was more than one black hole. When those black holes fell into the cosmic voids they exploded. That explosion caused a situation where wave movement from those black holes crossed each other. 

It's possible. That this primordial black hole could pull the entire universe or all material and energy back into it. That caused the explosion. Because there were no quantum fields left, and nothing could stop the black hole's vaporization. That means that the Big Bang was not a single case. There were at least two or three high-energy bursts in the young universe. 

And as I just wrote it's possible. That the black holes pulled material back into it. There was also a big annihilation. The reason for that is in wave-particle duality. Wave-particle duality or the Schwinger effect forms particle-antiparticle pairs. And if their energy level and escape speed are not high enough, electromagnetic interaction pulls them back together. And one of the most interesting things is how the stable material started to form. 

In the young universe, things like bottom and top quarks could form similar structures that up-and-down quarks form today. In that proto-material muons could have the same role as electrons have in the modern universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/universes-dawn-webb-space-telescope-unmasks-the-oldest-black-hole-ever-observed/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/01/24/the-oldest-known-black-hole-is-almost-as-old-as-the-universe/

JWST telescope noticed auroras on the brown dwarf.

"This artist’s concept portrays the brown dwarf W1935, which is located 47 light-years from Earth. Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope found infrared emission from methane coming from W1935. This is an unexpected discovery because the brown dwarf is cold and lacks a host star; therefore, there is no obvious source of energy to heat its upper atmosphere and make the methane glow. The team speculates that the methane emission may be due to processes generating aurorae, shown here in red. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI), Edited" (ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

Infrared Emission From Methane Suggests Atmospheric Heating by Auroral Processes

Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have found a brown dwarf (an object more massive than Jupiter but smaller than a star) that may display possible aurorae, like the familiar Northern Lights on our world. This is an unexpected mystery because the brown dwarf, known as W1935, is an isolated object in space, with no nearby star to create an aurora.

Aurorae on Earth are made when energetic particles from the Sun are captured by our planet’s magnetic field. Those particles cascade down into our atmosphere near Earth’s poles, colliding with gas molecules and creating eerie, dancing curtains of light. Since W1935 has no star to generate a stellar wind, it’s possible that external interactions with either interstellar plasma or a nearby active moon (like Jupiter’s Io) may help account for the observed infrared emission.(ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

"Astronomers used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to study 12 cold brown dwarfs. Two of them – W1935 and W2220 – appeared to be near twins of each other in composition, brightness, and temperature. However, W1935 showed emission from methane, as opposed to the anticipated absorption feature that was observed toward W2220. The team speculates that the methane emission may be due to processes generating aurorae. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI) (ScitechDaily.com/Webb Telescope’s Startling Find: Auroral Phenomenon on a Starless Brown Dwarf)

Brown dwarf W1935 is a so-called failed star. There are no exoplanets around that object. And that lonely stranger has no host star. That means the W1935 offers a good source for the JWST telescope to collect data about brown dwarfs. The brown dwarf is not a star or either planet. Sometimes some brown dwarfs have nuclear fusion periods. 

Those periods last a very short time. And during them, the brown dwarf shines its light. When a brown dwarf is in its active period. That thing delivers material into space. A brown dwarf is always lighter after those eruptions. That means periods between brown dwarf's active sessions turn longer. And there is a model that at least some of the brown dwarfs get their energy from fission. 

This model goes like this. There is fission material in the brown dwarf's nucleus. The nucleus of those objects would be similar to Earth's nucleus. There are radioactive elements that keep the core in melted form.  Then there is fusion material in the atmosphere of the brown dwarfs. When fusion reaction ends gravity pulls the atmosphere to the core. 

Then temperature and pressure are high enough that fusion starts again. During that process, the brown dwarf loses its mass. 

The brown dwarf is a failed star. The reason for failure is simple. The fusion reaction starts too early in some protostars. If the fusion reaction starts too early and there is not enough material in the protostars. The fusion reaction destroys the protostar or blows lots of material away from it. If the mass of the protostar is too low when fusion starts gravity cannot keep the structure in its form. 

In some models, the brown dwarfs form when the planet's remnant travels in interstellar space. Maybe those planets formed around short-living blue stars. And then those stars explode as supernovas. 

Inside every gas giant is a small solid core. The supernova blast strips gas off from gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn. And there is a small remnant that remains of the gas giant. If the star is very short-living there could be lots of radioactive material remaining in that planet's core that starts to travel in interstellar space. 

There that planet remnant pulls gas and dust to its atmosphere. The gas and dust start to press against the core. The fusion reaction starts and forms a structure. That looks like a hollow ball. 

While that process energy impact travels inside the core and jumps back. The energy impact forms a shockwave That destroys the fusion structure and pushes lots of gas out from the brown dwarf.